Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between technology and organizational performance, using evidence from the Ghana banking industry. The study adopted a correlation and mediation research design, with 232 respondents conveniently sampled from eight indigenous Ghanaian Banks. The data were analyzed using correlation, regression, and mediation techniques. The results show that technology serves as a catalyst for improving organizational performance and alleviating the negative effects of COVID-19 on organizational performance. The findings also revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic highly mediates technology and organizational performance with a significant positive relationship between technology and COVID-19 pandemic; technology and organizational performance. Additionally, there is a significant positive high relationship between COVID-19 pandemic and organizational performance, with technology and COVID-19 pandemic predicting organizational performance. The COVID-19 pandemic moderately mediates organizational performance. Banks in Ghana need to secure technological solutions to remain competitive in this era of stiff competition and disasters to ensure customer satisfaction, optimize costs, remain profitable, and, above all, increase shareholder wealth.
Keywords
Article Details
References
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- Abusweilem, M., & Abualoush, S. (2019). The impact of knowledge management process and business intelligence on organizational performance. Management Science Letters, 9(12), 2143-2156.
- Aji, D., & Rosyad, R. (2020). Religion and Economics: From the Transformation of the Human Capital Index (HCI) to the Economic Sovereignty of Islamic Boarding Schools in Indonesia. Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 1(4), 249-259.
- Aldasoro, I., Fender, I., Hardy, B., & Tarashev, N. (2020). Effects of Covid-19 on the banking sector: the market's assessment (No. 12). Bank for International Settlements.
- Alnaa, S. E., Ahiakpor, F., & Abdul-Majeed, A. (2020). Recapitalization and banks performance in Ghana. Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 10(6), 176-183.
- Amewu, S., Asante, S., Pauw, K., & Thurlow, J. (2020). The economic costs of COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa: insights from a simulation exercise for Ghana. The European Journal of Development Research, 32(5), 1353-1378.
- Appiahene, P., Missah, Y. M., & Najim, U. (2019). Evaluation of information technology impact on bank’s performance: The Ghanaian experience. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 11, https://doi.org/10.1177/184797901983533.
- Assous, H. F., & Al-Najjar, D. (2021). Consequences of COVID-19 on banking sector index: artificial neural network model. International Journal of Financial Studies, 9(4), 67.
- Bank of Ghana (2019). Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.bog.gov.gh/bank-reforms/.
- Bank of Ghana (2020a). Monetary policy committee press release, March 18, 2022, available at: https://www.bog.gov.gh/mpc_press_release.
- Bank of Ghana (2020b). Monetary policy framework, available at: https://www.bog.gov.gh/
- monetary-policy/our-monetary-policy-framework/.
- Bank of Ghana (2020c). Summary of Economic and Financial Data, Bank of Ghana, Accra.
- Bank of Ghana (2021).Monetary policy framework, available at: https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Banking-Sector-Developments-September-2021-1.pdf.
- Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.
- Battisti, M., & Deakins, D. (2017). The relationship between dynamic capabilities, the firm’s resource base and performance in a post-disaster environment. International Small Business Journal, 35(1), 78–98.
- Benson, E. L. I. J. A. H. (2019). Bank failure in Ghana: What accounted for the collapse of Unibank? [Doctoral dissertation, University of Ghana]. http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/handle/123456789/31637
- Bergami, M., Corsino, M., Daood, A., & Giuri, P. (2022). Being resilient for society: evidence from companies that leveraged their resources and capabilities to fight the COVID‐19 crisis. R&D Management, 52(2), 235-254.
- Bhatiasevi, V., & Naglis, M. (2020). Elucidating the determinants of business intelligence adoption and organizational performance. Information Development, 36(1), 78-96.
- Caglio, A., Melloni, G., & Su, J. (2021). Corporate resilience during crisis: The role of sustainability, risk management, and COVID-washing. Academy of Management Proceedings. Academy of Management. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2021.14398abstract
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge.
- Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Pedraza, A., & Ruiz-Ortega, C. (2021). Banking sector performance during the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Banking & Finance, 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106305
- DeYoung, R., Distinguin, I., & Tarazi, A. (June 15, 2017). Bank liquidity management and bank capital shocks. 30th Australasian Finance and Banking Conference. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2999662
- Dickson, R. S., & Yao, D. (2020). The impact and opportunities of COVID-19 in Ghana. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 8(10), 71-86.
- Doku, J. N., Dzokoto, E., & Kudolo, A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on emerging insurance industry: The Ghanaian evidence. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3908216
- Elnahass, M., Trinh, V. Q., & Li, T. (2021). Global banking stability in the shadow of COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2021.101322
- Farooq, R., & Sultana, A. (2021). The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on work from home and employee productivity. Measuring Business Excellence, 26(3), 308-325. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-12-2020-0173
- Fletcher, D. & Sarkar, M. 2013. Psychological resilience: a review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18, 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
- Gasparin, M., Brown, S. D., Green, W., Hugill, A., Lilley, S., Quinn, M., Schinckus, C., Williams, M. & Zalasiewicz, J. (2020). The business school in the Anthropocene: Parasite logic and pataphysical reasoning for a working earth. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 19(3), 385-405. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2019.0199
- George, D., & Mallery, M. (2003). Using SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
- Hanif, M. I., Ahsan, M., Bhatti, M. K., & Loghari, M. S. (2020). The Effect of Electronic Customer Relationship Management on Organizational Performance with Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction. International Review of Management and Marketing, 10(5), 138.
- International Monetary Fund (2021), World Economic Outlook 2021. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2021/07/27/world-economic-outlook-update-july-2021.
- Jibril, A. B., Kwarteng, M. A., Botchway, R. K., Bode, J., & Chovancova, M. (2020). The impact of online identity theft on customers’ willingness to engage in e-banking transaction in Ghana: A technology threat avoidance theory. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1832825
- Kantabutra, S., & Ketprapakorn, N. (2021). Toward an organizational theory of resilience: an interim struggle. Sustainability, 13(23), 13137, https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313137
- Khan, G., Sheek-Hussein, M., Al Suwaidi, A. R., Idris, K., & Abu-Zidan, F. M. (2020). Novel coronavirus pandemic: A global health threat. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine, 20(2), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.4103/2452-2473.285016
- Khin, S., & Ho, T. C. (2020). Digital technology, digital capability and organizational performance: A mediating role of digital innovation. International Journal of Innovation Science, 11(2), 117-195.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-08-2018-0083
- Kolar, K. (2011). Resilience: Revisiting the concept and its utility for social research. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9, 421-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9329-2
- Koontz, H., & O'Donnell, C. (1993). Introduction to management. McGraw-hill.
- KPMG Ghana Report: Economic Impact of COVID–19 on Ghana's banking industry (2020). https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/gh/pdf/gh-KPMG-Advisory-Economic-Impact-of-COVID-19-on-Ghana%E2%80%99s-Banking-Industry.pdf.
- Le, T.D., & Ngo, T. (2020). The determinants of bank profitability: A cross-country analysis. Central Bank Review, 20(2), 65-73.
- Le, T. L. V., & Pham, D. K. (2022). The ICT impact on bank performance: The case of Vietnam. In Advances in Computational Intelligence and Communication Technology: Proceedings of CICT 2021 (pp. 165-174). Springer.
- Machasio, I. N. (2020). COVID-19 and digital financial inclusion in Africa: How to leverage digital technologies during the pandemic. Africa Knowledge in Time Policy Brief, World Bank, Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/34637
- Marszk, A., & Lechman, E. (2021). Reshaping financial systems: The role of ICT in the diffusion of financial innovations–Recent evidence from European countries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120683
- Musah, A., Abdulai, M., & Baffour, H. (2020). The Effect of Mergers and Acquisitions on Bank Performance in Ghana. Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 7(1), 36-45.
- Mustafa, M. (2021). The technology of mobile banking and its impact on the financial growth during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Gulf region. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(9), 389-398.
- Nduji, R., & Chris, O. (2020). Effect of e-commerce on performance of commercial banks in Nigeria (A case study of First Bank Plc, Bwari Area Council, Abuja). Journal of African Studies and Sustainable Development, 3(10), 1-30. https://acjol.org/index.php/jassd/article/view/721/696
- Ndung’u, N. S. (2019). Taxing mobile phone transactions in Africa: Lessons from Kenya. https://www.africaportal.org/publications/taxing-mobile-phone-transactions-africa-lessons-kenya/
- Obeng, A., & Boachie, E. (2018). The impact of IT-technological innovation on the productivity of a bank’s employee. Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), 1470449. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1470449
- Ofosu-Ampong, K. (2021). Determinants, barriers and strategies of digital transformation adoption in a developing country COVID-19 era. Journal of Digital Science, 3(2), 67-83.
- Peprah, J. A. (2021). Disruptions and the protracted effects of the COVID-19 lockdown in the non-bank financial institution sector in Ghana. Enterprise Development & Microfinance, 32(1), 78-92.
- Sarpong, N. A., & Agbeko, M. (2020). Optimizing Technology in Mobile Financial Services: User experiences and expectations in Ghana. International Journal of Computer Applications, 177(39), 1-7.
- Scott, N., Doyle, J. S., Wilson, D. P., Wade, A., Howell, J., Pedrana, A., Thompson, A., & Hellard, M. E. (2017). Reaching hepatitis C virus elimination targets requires health system interventions to enhance the care cascade. The International Journal On Drug Policy, 47, 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.006
- Sporta, F., & Orina, C. (2021). The effect of mobile banking accounts and deposits on operational efficiency of commercial banks in Kenya. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Social Science, 1(1). https://kcaijirss.com/index.php/home/article/view/11
- Stulz, R. M. (2019). Fintech, bigtech, and the future of banks. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 31(4), 86-97.
- Sudarsono, H., Nugrohowati, R. N. I., & Tumewang, Y. K. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the adoption of Internet banking in Indonesia: Islamic bank and conventional bank. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(11), 789-800.
- Torres, A. P., Marshall, M. I., & Sydnor, S. (2019). Does social capital pay off? The case of small business resilience after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 27(2), 168–181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.05.029
- Wardhani, R. S., Rosalina, E., Elvany, R., & Awaluddin, M. (2021). Banking financial performance during Covid-19. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 19(1), 302-310.
- World Bank. (2020). COVID-19 (Coronavirus) drives sub-Saharan Africa toward first recession in 25 years. World Bank.
- Yan, J., & Jia, P. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 on bank sector traditional business model sustainability in China: Bank branch versus Fintech. Frontiers in Physics. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2022.820646
- Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods. Sage.
- Zahra, S. A. (2020). International entrepreneurship in the post-Covid world. Journal of World Business, 56(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2020.101143
- Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G. F., Tan, W., & China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team (2020). A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 727–733. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
References
Aboagye, J., & Anong, S. (2020). Provider and consumer perceptions on mobile money and microfinance integrations in Ghana: A financial inclusion approach. International Journal of Business and Economics Research. Special Issue: Microfinance and Local Development, 9(4), 276-297.
Abusweilem, M., & Abualoush, S. (2019). The impact of knowledge management process and business intelligence on organizational performance. Management Science Letters, 9(12), 2143-2156.
Aji, D., & Rosyad, R. (2020). Religion and Economics: From the Transformation of the Human Capital Index (HCI) to the Economic Sovereignty of Islamic Boarding Schools in Indonesia. Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 1(4), 249-259.
Aldasoro, I., Fender, I., Hardy, B., & Tarashev, N. (2020). Effects of Covid-19 on the banking sector: the market's assessment (No. 12). Bank for International Settlements.
Alnaa, S. E., Ahiakpor, F., & Abdul-Majeed, A. (2020). Recapitalization and banks performance in Ghana. Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 10(6), 176-183.
Amewu, S., Asante, S., Pauw, K., & Thurlow, J. (2020). The economic costs of COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa: insights from a simulation exercise for Ghana. The European Journal of Development Research, 32(5), 1353-1378.
Appiahene, P., Missah, Y. M., & Najim, U. (2019). Evaluation of information technology impact on bank’s performance: The Ghanaian experience. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 11, https://doi.org/10.1177/184797901983533.
Assous, H. F., & Al-Najjar, D. (2021). Consequences of COVID-19 on banking sector index: artificial neural network model. International Journal of Financial Studies, 9(4), 67.
Bank of Ghana (2019). Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.bog.gov.gh/bank-reforms/.
Bank of Ghana (2020a). Monetary policy committee press release, March 18, 2022, available at: https://www.bog.gov.gh/mpc_press_release.
Bank of Ghana (2020b). Monetary policy framework, available at: https://www.bog.gov.gh/
monetary-policy/our-monetary-policy-framework/.
Bank of Ghana (2020c). Summary of Economic and Financial Data, Bank of Ghana, Accra.
Bank of Ghana (2021).Monetary policy framework, available at: https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Banking-Sector-Developments-September-2021-1.pdf.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.
Battisti, M., & Deakins, D. (2017). The relationship between dynamic capabilities, the firm’s resource base and performance in a post-disaster environment. International Small Business Journal, 35(1), 78–98.
Benson, E. L. I. J. A. H. (2019). Bank failure in Ghana: What accounted for the collapse of Unibank? [Doctoral dissertation, University of Ghana]. http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/handle/123456789/31637
Bergami, M., Corsino, M., Daood, A., & Giuri, P. (2022). Being resilient for society: evidence from companies that leveraged their resources and capabilities to fight the COVID‐19 crisis. R&D Management, 52(2), 235-254.
Bhatiasevi, V., & Naglis, M. (2020). Elucidating the determinants of business intelligence adoption and organizational performance. Information Development, 36(1), 78-96.
Caglio, A., Melloni, G., & Su, J. (2021). Corporate resilience during crisis: The role of sustainability, risk management, and COVID-washing. Academy of Management Proceedings. Academy of Management. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2021.14398abstract
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Pedraza, A., & Ruiz-Ortega, C. (2021). Banking sector performance during the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Banking & Finance, 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106305
DeYoung, R., Distinguin, I., & Tarazi, A. (June 15, 2017). Bank liquidity management and bank capital shocks. 30th Australasian Finance and Banking Conference. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2999662
Dickson, R. S., & Yao, D. (2020). The impact and opportunities of COVID-19 in Ghana. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 8(10), 71-86.
Doku, J. N., Dzokoto, E., & Kudolo, A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on emerging insurance industry: The Ghanaian evidence. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3908216
Elnahass, M., Trinh, V. Q., & Li, T. (2021). Global banking stability in the shadow of COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2021.101322
Farooq, R., & Sultana, A. (2021). The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on work from home and employee productivity. Measuring Business Excellence, 26(3), 308-325. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-12-2020-0173
Fletcher, D. & Sarkar, M. 2013. Psychological resilience: a review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18, 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
Gasparin, M., Brown, S. D., Green, W., Hugill, A., Lilley, S., Quinn, M., Schinckus, C., Williams, M. & Zalasiewicz, J. (2020). The business school in the Anthropocene: Parasite logic and pataphysical reasoning for a working earth. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 19(3), 385-405. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2019.0199
George, D., & Mallery, M. (2003). Using SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
Hanif, M. I., Ahsan, M., Bhatti, M. K., & Loghari, M. S. (2020). The Effect of Electronic Customer Relationship Management on Organizational Performance with Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction. International Review of Management and Marketing, 10(5), 138.
International Monetary Fund (2021), World Economic Outlook 2021. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2021/07/27/world-economic-outlook-update-july-2021.
Jibril, A. B., Kwarteng, M. A., Botchway, R. K., Bode, J., & Chovancova, M. (2020). The impact of online identity theft on customers’ willingness to engage in e-banking transaction in Ghana: A technology threat avoidance theory. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1832825
Kantabutra, S., & Ketprapakorn, N. (2021). Toward an organizational theory of resilience: an interim struggle. Sustainability, 13(23), 13137, https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313137
Khan, G., Sheek-Hussein, M., Al Suwaidi, A. R., Idris, K., & Abu-Zidan, F. M. (2020). Novel coronavirus pandemic: A global health threat. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine, 20(2), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.4103/2452-2473.285016
Khin, S., & Ho, T. C. (2020). Digital technology, digital capability and organizational performance: A mediating role of digital innovation. International Journal of Innovation Science, 11(2), 117-195.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-08-2018-0083
Kolar, K. (2011). Resilience: Revisiting the concept and its utility for social research. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9, 421-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9329-2
Koontz, H., & O'Donnell, C. (1993). Introduction to management. McGraw-hill.
KPMG Ghana Report: Economic Impact of COVID–19 on Ghana's banking industry (2020). https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/gh/pdf/gh-KPMG-Advisory-Economic-Impact-of-COVID-19-on-Ghana%E2%80%99s-Banking-Industry.pdf.
Le, T.D., & Ngo, T. (2020). The determinants of bank profitability: A cross-country analysis. Central Bank Review, 20(2), 65-73.
Le, T. L. V., & Pham, D. K. (2022). The ICT impact on bank performance: The case of Vietnam. In Advances in Computational Intelligence and Communication Technology: Proceedings of CICT 2021 (pp. 165-174). Springer.
Machasio, I. N. (2020). COVID-19 and digital financial inclusion in Africa: How to leverage digital technologies during the pandemic. Africa Knowledge in Time Policy Brief, World Bank, Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/34637
Marszk, A., & Lechman, E. (2021). Reshaping financial systems: The role of ICT in the diffusion of financial innovations–Recent evidence from European countries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120683
Musah, A., Abdulai, M., & Baffour, H. (2020). The Effect of Mergers and Acquisitions on Bank Performance in Ghana. Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 7(1), 36-45.
Mustafa, M. (2021). The technology of mobile banking and its impact on the financial growth during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Gulf region. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(9), 389-398.
Nduji, R., & Chris, O. (2020). Effect of e-commerce on performance of commercial banks in Nigeria (A case study of First Bank Plc, Bwari Area Council, Abuja). Journal of African Studies and Sustainable Development, 3(10), 1-30. https://acjol.org/index.php/jassd/article/view/721/696
Ndung’u, N. S. (2019). Taxing mobile phone transactions in Africa: Lessons from Kenya. https://www.africaportal.org/publications/taxing-mobile-phone-transactions-africa-lessons-kenya/
Obeng, A., & Boachie, E. (2018). The impact of IT-technological innovation on the productivity of a bank’s employee. Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), 1470449. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1470449
Ofosu-Ampong, K. (2021). Determinants, barriers and strategies of digital transformation adoption in a developing country COVID-19 era. Journal of Digital Science, 3(2), 67-83.
Peprah, J. A. (2021). Disruptions and the protracted effects of the COVID-19 lockdown in the non-bank financial institution sector in Ghana. Enterprise Development & Microfinance, 32(1), 78-92.
Sarpong, N. A., & Agbeko, M. (2020). Optimizing Technology in Mobile Financial Services: User experiences and expectations in Ghana. International Journal of Computer Applications, 177(39), 1-7.
Scott, N., Doyle, J. S., Wilson, D. P., Wade, A., Howell, J., Pedrana, A., Thompson, A., & Hellard, M. E. (2017). Reaching hepatitis C virus elimination targets requires health system interventions to enhance the care cascade. The International Journal On Drug Policy, 47, 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.006
Sporta, F., & Orina, C. (2021). The effect of mobile banking accounts and deposits on operational efficiency of commercial banks in Kenya. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Social Science, 1(1). https://kcaijirss.com/index.php/home/article/view/11
Stulz, R. M. (2019). Fintech, bigtech, and the future of banks. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 31(4), 86-97.
Sudarsono, H., Nugrohowati, R. N. I., & Tumewang, Y. K. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the adoption of Internet banking in Indonesia: Islamic bank and conventional bank. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(11), 789-800.
Torres, A. P., Marshall, M. I., & Sydnor, S. (2019). Does social capital pay off? The case of small business resilience after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 27(2), 168–181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.05.029
Wardhani, R. S., Rosalina, E., Elvany, R., & Awaluddin, M. (2021). Banking financial performance during Covid-19. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 19(1), 302-310.
World Bank. (2020). COVID-19 (Coronavirus) drives sub-Saharan Africa toward first recession in 25 years. World Bank.
Yan, J., & Jia, P. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 on bank sector traditional business model sustainability in China: Bank branch versus Fintech. Frontiers in Physics. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2022.820646
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods. Sage.
Zahra, S. A. (2020). International entrepreneurship in the post-Covid world. Journal of World Business, 56(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2020.101143
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G. F., Tan, W., & China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team (2020). A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 727–733. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017