Main Article Content
Abstract
Internationally, a bifurcation exists with regard to how sexuality is taught at schools. Learners are either educated via the abstinence-only programme (AOE) or by means of the Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) model. These are two contradictory curricular approaches. In order for sexuality programmes to be effective, all sexual content should efficiently be covered by teachers on the primary and tertiary educational levels. Within Christian faith-based schools, it is essential to encourage abstinence, but equally important is educating learners in a comprehensive manner pertaining to sexuality education. Therefore AOE and CSE should be perceived as having compatible goals, not competing goals. As will be discussed in this theoretical paper, no evidence exists to show that providing AOE and CSE messages are confusing, contradictory, or harmful to the learner. In this theoretical paper, the importance of sexuality education taught at South African schools will be discussed. The topics of abstinence-only education and comprehensive sexuality education will also be elucidated. This paper will conclude with a summary of the major points in this manuscript.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Advocates for Youth (2021). Sex education programs: Definitions & point-by-point comparison.
- https://www.advocatesforyouth.org/resources/fact-sheets/sex-education-programs-definitions-and-point-by-point-comparison/
- Aggleton, P., & Campbell, C. (2000). Working with young people—towards an agenda for
- sexual health. Sexual & Relationship Therapy, 15(3), 283–296.
- Africa Strategic Research Corporation/The Kaiser Family Foundation (2002). The
- National. Survey of South African Youth.
- Alimoradi, Z., Kariman, N., Simbar, M., & Ahmadi, F. (2017). Contributing factors to high-risk
- sexual behaviors among Iranian adolescent girls: A systematic review. In International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery 5(1), 2–12.
- Allen, L., & Carmody M. (2012). “‘Pleasure Has No Passport’: Re-visiting the Potential of Pleasure in Sexuality Education.” Sex Education 12(4), 455– 468.
- Ashcraft, A. M., & Murray, P. J. (2017). Talking to Parents About Adolescent Sexuality. Pediatric Clinics of North America 64(2), pp. 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.11.002
- Ashley, G., Ramirez, O., & Cort, M. (2013). Attitudes towards sexual abstinence among
- Black Seventh-day Adventist college students. Christian Higher Education, 12 (5), 349–362. http://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2013.824353
- Badcock-Walters, P. (2002). Education. In J. Gow & C. Desmond (Eds.), Impacts and interventions:
- The HIV/Aids epidemic and the children of South Africa (pp. 95–110). Scottsville, KY:
- University of Natal Press.
- Beyers, C. (2011). Sexuality education in South Africa: A sociocultural perspective. Acta Academica, 43(3), 192–209.
- Biswas, S. (2014). Religiosity and the sexual double standard. International Journal of Social
- Sciences and Humanities Research, 2(2), 72–77.
- Cense, M. (2019). Rethinking sexual agency: proposing a multicomponent model based on young people’s life stories. Sex Education, 19(3), 247–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2018.1535968
- Crawford, M., & Popp, D. (2003). Sexual double standards: a review and methodological
- critique of two decades of research. Journal of Sex Research, 40 (1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490309552163
- Crooks, R., & Baur, K. (2021). Our sexuality. (13th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
- Department of Education. (2000). The HIV/AIDS Emergency: Guidelines for Educators.
- Government Press. https://www.dhet.gov.za/Archive%20Manuals/HIVAIDS%20 Emergency%20Guidelines%20for%20Educators.pdf
- Department of Basic Education. (2002). Revised Nation Curriculum Statement Grades r-9
- (Schools): Life Orientation. Government Press. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/natcur0.pdf
- Department of Basic Education. (2011). Curriculum and assessment policy statement.
- https://www.education.gov.za/Portals/0/Documents/CSE%20Scripted%20lessons/CAPS%20FET%20_%20LIFE%20ORIENTATION%20_%20GR%2010-12%20_%20WEB_E6B3.pdf?ver=2019-11-13-103638-653
- Department of Education. (2019). Comprehensive Sexuality Education. https://www.education.gov.za/Home/ComprehensiveSexualityEducation.aspx
- Dessie, Y., Berhane, Y., & Worku, A. (2015). Parent-adolescent sexual and reproductive health communication is very limited and associated with adolescent poor behavioral beliefs and subjective norms: Evidence from a community based cross-sectional study in Eastern Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129941
- Clark, C., Baldwin, K., & Tanner, A. (2007). An exploratory study of selected sexual
- knowledge and attitudes of Indiana adults. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 2 (3), 39. https://doi.org/10.1300/J455v02n03_04
- Farber, N. (2003). Adolescent pregnancy: Policy and prevention services. New York: Springer.
- Farringdon, F., Holgate, C., Mcintyre, F., & Bulsara, M. (2014). A Level of Discomfort! Exploring the Relationship Between Maternal Sexual Health Knowledge, Religiosity and Comfort Discussing Sexual Health Issues with Adolescents. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-013-0122-9
- Francis, D. A. (2010). Sexuality education in South Africa: Three essential questions. International Journal of Educational Development, 30(3), 314–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2009.12.003
- Francis, D. A., & DePalma, R. (2014). Teacher perspectives on abstinence and safe sex education in South Africa. Sex Education, 14(1), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2013.833091
- Francis, D., & Zisser, A. (2006). Youth have a new view on AIDS, but are they talking about it? African Journal of AIDS Research, 5 (2), 189–196 https://doi.org/10.2989/16085900609490379
- Giami, A., Ohlrichs, Y., Quilliam, S., Wellings, K., Pacey, S., Wylie, K. R. (2006). Sex
- education in schools is insufficient to support adolescents in the 21st century. Sexual & Relationship Therapy, 21(4), 485–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681990601019515
- Goldman, J. (2008). Responding to parental objections to school sexuality education: a selection of 12 objections. Sex Education 8(4), 415–438.
- Helleve, A., Flisher, A., Onya, H., Mukoma, W., Klepp, K. (2009). South African teachers’ reflections on the impact of culture on their teaching of sexuality and HIV/AIDS. Culture Health & Sexuality 11(2), 189–204.
- Hill, J., Draper, C. E., de Villiers, A., Fourie, J. M., Mohamed, S., Parker, W. A., & Steyn, N. (2015). Promoting healthy lifestyle behaviour through the life-orientation curriculum: Teachers’ perceptions of the HealthKick intervention. South African Journal of Education, 35(1), 0–9. https://doi.org/10.15700/201503070003
- Jewkes, R. (2009). Growing up sexual in the age of HIV & AIDS. In: Mitchell, C., Pithouse, K. (Eds.), Teaching and HIV& AIDS in the South African Classroom (pp. 147–158). Macmillan, Northlands.
- Kar, S., Choudhury, A., & Singh, A. (2015). Understanding normal development of adolescent sexuality: A bumpy ride. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences 8 (2), 70–74. Medknow Publications. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.158594
- Kim, C. & Rector, R. (2008). Abstinence Education: Assessing the Evidence. The Heritage
- Foundation. https://www.heritage.org/education/report/abstinence-education-assessing-the-evidence.
- Kirkman, M., Rosenthal, D., & Feldman, S. (2005). Being open with your mouth shut: the meaning of "Openness" in family communication about sexuality. Sex Education: Sexuality, Society and Learning, 5(1), 49–66.
- Kreager, D.A. & Staff, J. (2009). The sexual double standard and adolescent peer acceptance.
- Social Psychology Quarterly, 72(2), 143 – 164. doi: 10.1177/019027250907200205
- Mamacos, E. (2019). Are the new Comprehensive Sexuality Education lesson plans really too much. https://www.news24.com/parent/Learn/Learning-difficulties/is-the-new-sexuality-education-curriculum-really-too-much-20191030
- Milhausen, R. R., & Herold, E. S. (2001). Reconceptualizing the sexual double standard.
- Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 13, 63–83.
- Minsky-Primus, N. (2021). Sexual Risk Avoidance Programs are Not Sex Education. 10–12.
- Mitchell, C., Walsh, S., Larkin, J. (2004). Visualizing the politics of innocence in the age of AIDS. Sex Education, 4(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/1468181042000176524
- Mukoma, W., Flisher, A. J., Ahmed, N., Jansen, S., Mathews, C., Klepp, K. I., & Schaalma, H. (2009). Process evaluation of a school-based HIV/AIDS intervention in South Africa. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 37 Suppl 2, 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494808090631
- Ogle, S., Glasier, A., & Riley, S. (2008). Communication between parents and their children
- about sexual health. Contraception, 77(4), 283–288.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2007.12.003
- Pattman, R., Chege, F. (2003). ‘‘Dear diary, I saw an angel, she looked like heaven on earth’’: sex talk and sex education. African Journal of AIDS Research 2 (2), 103– 112
- Petersen, J. L., & Hyde, J. S. (2010). A meta-analytic review of research on gender differences
- in sexuality, 1993-2007. Psychological Bulletin, 136 (1), 21–38.
- https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017504
- Reddy, S. P., James, S., Sewpaul, R., Sifunda, S., Ellahebokus, A., Kambaran, N.S., Omardien, R.G. (2013). Umthente Uhlaba Usamila – The 3rd South African National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey 2011. South Africa: South African Medical Research Council.
- Rooth, E. (2005). An Investigation of The Status and Practice of Life Orientation in South African Schools in Two Provinces. University of Western Cape, Cape Town
- Rostosky, S.S., Wilcox, B.L., Comer Wright, M.L., & Randall, B.A. (2004). The impact of
- religiosity on adolescent sexual behaviour: A review of the evidence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 9, 677–697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743558403260019
- Runhare, T., Mudau, T.J., & Mutshaeni, H.N. (2016). South African teachers’ perceptions on integration of sex education into the school curriculum. Gender and Behaviour, 14(3), https://www.ajol.info/index.php/gab/article/view/153107
- Sherr, M., & Dyer, P. (2010). Evaluating a comprehensive abstinence-based program for
- minority youth: Comparing church and public school outcomes. Social Work & Christianity, 37, 28–44. http://ebscohost.com/c/articles/48314306/evaluating-comprehensive-abstinence-based-program-minority-youth-comparing-church-public-school-outcomes
- Starkman, N., and Rajani N. (2002). “The Case for Comprehensive Sex Education.” AIDS Patient Care and STDs 16(7), 313– 318.
- Visser, M. J. (2005). Life skills training as HIV/AIDS preventive strategy in secondary
- schools: Evaluation of a large scale implementation process. Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 2(1), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2005.9724843
- Walker, J. (2001). A qualitative study of parents’ experiences of providing sex education for their children: the implications for health education. Health Education Journal, 60(2), 132–146. doi:10.1177/001789690106000205
References
Advocates for Youth (2021). Sex education programs: Definitions & point-by-point comparison.
Aggleton, P., & Campbell, C. (2000). Working with young people—towards an agenda for
sexual health. Sexual & Relationship Therapy, 15(3), 283–296.
Africa Strategic Research Corporation/The Kaiser Family Foundation (2002). The
National. Survey of South African Youth.
Alimoradi, Z., Kariman, N., Simbar, M., & Ahmadi, F. (2017). Contributing factors to high-risk
sexual behaviors among Iranian adolescent girls: A systematic review. In International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery 5(1), 2–12.
Allen, L., & Carmody M. (2012). “‘Pleasure Has No Passport’: Re-visiting the Potential of Pleasure in Sexuality Education.” Sex Education 12(4), 455– 468.
Ashcraft, A. M., & Murray, P. J. (2017). Talking to Parents About Adolescent Sexuality. Pediatric Clinics of North America 64(2), pp. 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.11.002
Ashley, G., Ramirez, O., & Cort, M. (2013). Attitudes towards sexual abstinence among
Black Seventh-day Adventist college students. Christian Higher Education, 12 (5), 349–362. http://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2013.824353
Badcock-Walters, P. (2002). Education. In J. Gow & C. Desmond (Eds.), Impacts and interventions:
The HIV/Aids epidemic and the children of South Africa (pp. 95–110). Scottsville, KY:
University of Natal Press.
Beyers, C. (2011). Sexuality education in South Africa: A sociocultural perspective. Acta Academica, 43(3), 192–209.
Biswas, S. (2014). Religiosity and the sexual double standard. International Journal of Social
Sciences and Humanities Research, 2(2), 72–77.
Cense, M. (2019). Rethinking sexual agency: proposing a multicomponent model based on young people’s life stories. Sex Education, 19(3), 247–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2018.1535968
Crawford, M., & Popp, D. (2003). Sexual double standards: a review and methodological
critique of two decades of research. Journal of Sex Research, 40 (1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490309552163
Crooks, R., & Baur, K. (2021). Our sexuality. (13th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Department of Education. (2000). The HIV/AIDS Emergency: Guidelines for Educators.
Government Press. https://www.dhet.gov.za/Archive%20Manuals/HIVAIDS%20 Emergency%20Guidelines%20for%20Educators.pdf
Department of Basic Education. (2002). Revised Nation Curriculum Statement Grades r-9
(Schools): Life Orientation. Government Press. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/natcur0.pdf
Department of Basic Education. (2011). Curriculum and assessment policy statement.
Department of Education. (2019). Comprehensive Sexuality Education. https://www.education.gov.za/Home/ComprehensiveSexualityEducation.aspx
Dessie, Y., Berhane, Y., & Worku, A. (2015). Parent-adolescent sexual and reproductive health communication is very limited and associated with adolescent poor behavioral beliefs and subjective norms: Evidence from a community based cross-sectional study in Eastern Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129941
Clark, C., Baldwin, K., & Tanner, A. (2007). An exploratory study of selected sexual
knowledge and attitudes of Indiana adults. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 2 (3), 39. https://doi.org/10.1300/J455v02n03_04
Farber, N. (2003). Adolescent pregnancy: Policy and prevention services. New York: Springer.
Farringdon, F., Holgate, C., Mcintyre, F., & Bulsara, M. (2014). A Level of Discomfort! Exploring the Relationship Between Maternal Sexual Health Knowledge, Religiosity and Comfort Discussing Sexual Health Issues with Adolescents. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-013-0122-9
Francis, D. A. (2010). Sexuality education in South Africa: Three essential questions. International Journal of Educational Development, 30(3), 314–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2009.12.003
Francis, D. A., & DePalma, R. (2014). Teacher perspectives on abstinence and safe sex education in South Africa. Sex Education, 14(1), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2013.833091
Francis, D., & Zisser, A. (2006). Youth have a new view on AIDS, but are they talking about it? African Journal of AIDS Research, 5 (2), 189–196 https://doi.org/10.2989/16085900609490379
Giami, A., Ohlrichs, Y., Quilliam, S., Wellings, K., Pacey, S., Wylie, K. R. (2006). Sex
education in schools is insufficient to support adolescents in the 21st century. Sexual & Relationship Therapy, 21(4), 485–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681990601019515
Goldman, J. (2008). Responding to parental objections to school sexuality education: a selection of 12 objections. Sex Education 8(4), 415–438.
Helleve, A., Flisher, A., Onya, H., Mukoma, W., Klepp, K. (2009). South African teachers’ reflections on the impact of culture on their teaching of sexuality and HIV/AIDS. Culture Health & Sexuality 11(2), 189–204.
Hill, J., Draper, C. E., de Villiers, A., Fourie, J. M., Mohamed, S., Parker, W. A., & Steyn, N. (2015). Promoting healthy lifestyle behaviour through the life-orientation curriculum: Teachers’ perceptions of the HealthKick intervention. South African Journal of Education, 35(1), 0–9. https://doi.org/10.15700/201503070003
Jewkes, R. (2009). Growing up sexual in the age of HIV & AIDS. In: Mitchell, C., Pithouse, K. (Eds.), Teaching and HIV& AIDS in the South African Classroom (pp. 147–158). Macmillan, Northlands.
Kar, S., Choudhury, A., & Singh, A. (2015). Understanding normal development of adolescent sexuality: A bumpy ride. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences 8 (2), 70–74. Medknow Publications. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.158594
Kim, C. & Rector, R. (2008). Abstinence Education: Assessing the Evidence. The Heritage
Foundation. https://www.heritage.org/education/report/abstinence-education-assessing-the-evidence.
Kirkman, M., Rosenthal, D., & Feldman, S. (2005). Being open with your mouth shut: the meaning of "Openness" in family communication about sexuality. Sex Education: Sexuality, Society and Learning, 5(1), 49–66.
Kreager, D.A. & Staff, J. (2009). The sexual double standard and adolescent peer acceptance.
Social Psychology Quarterly, 72(2), 143 – 164. doi: 10.1177/019027250907200205
Mamacos, E. (2019). Are the new Comprehensive Sexuality Education lesson plans really too much. https://www.news24.com/parent/Learn/Learning-difficulties/is-the-new-sexuality-education-curriculum-really-too-much-20191030
Milhausen, R. R., & Herold, E. S. (2001). Reconceptualizing the sexual double standard.
Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 13, 63–83.
Minsky-Primus, N. (2021). Sexual Risk Avoidance Programs are Not Sex Education. 10–12.
Mitchell, C., Walsh, S., Larkin, J. (2004). Visualizing the politics of innocence in the age of AIDS. Sex Education, 4(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/1468181042000176524
Mukoma, W., Flisher, A. J., Ahmed, N., Jansen, S., Mathews, C., Klepp, K. I., & Schaalma, H. (2009). Process evaluation of a school-based HIV/AIDS intervention in South Africa. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 37 Suppl 2, 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494808090631
Ogle, S., Glasier, A., & Riley, S. (2008). Communication between parents and their children
about sexual health. Contraception, 77(4), 283–288.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2007.12.003
Pattman, R., Chege, F. (2003). ‘‘Dear diary, I saw an angel, she looked like heaven on earth’’: sex talk and sex education. African Journal of AIDS Research 2 (2), 103– 112
Petersen, J. L., & Hyde, J. S. (2010). A meta-analytic review of research on gender differences
in sexuality, 1993-2007. Psychological Bulletin, 136 (1), 21–38.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017504
Reddy, S. P., James, S., Sewpaul, R., Sifunda, S., Ellahebokus, A., Kambaran, N.S., Omardien, R.G. (2013). Umthente Uhlaba Usamila – The 3rd South African National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey 2011. South Africa: South African Medical Research Council.
Rooth, E. (2005). An Investigation of The Status and Practice of Life Orientation in South African Schools in Two Provinces. University of Western Cape, Cape Town
Rostosky, S.S., Wilcox, B.L., Comer Wright, M.L., & Randall, B.A. (2004). The impact of
religiosity on adolescent sexual behaviour: A review of the evidence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 9, 677–697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743558403260019
Runhare, T., Mudau, T.J., & Mutshaeni, H.N. (2016). South African teachers’ perceptions on integration of sex education into the school curriculum. Gender and Behaviour, 14(3), https://www.ajol.info/index.php/gab/article/view/153107
Sherr, M., & Dyer, P. (2010). Evaluating a comprehensive abstinence-based program for
minority youth: Comparing church and public school outcomes. Social Work & Christianity, 37, 28–44. http://ebscohost.com/c/articles/48314306/evaluating-comprehensive-abstinence-based-program-minority-youth-comparing-church-public-school-outcomes
Starkman, N., and Rajani N. (2002). “The Case for Comprehensive Sex Education.” AIDS Patient Care and STDs 16(7), 313– 318.
Visser, M. J. (2005). Life skills training as HIV/AIDS preventive strategy in secondary
schools: Evaluation of a large scale implementation process. Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 2(1), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2005.9724843
Walker, J. (2001). A qualitative study of parents’ experiences of providing sex education for their children: the implications for health education. Health Education Journal, 60(2), 132–146. doi:10.1177/001789690106000205