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Abstract
Authentic leadership is a leadership approach characterized by four core values which are transparency, internalized moral perspectives, balanced relationship and self-awareness. The 21st Century world is yearning for such leaders who can straighten the moral compass in both the Church setting and in the secular world although such leaders are not easy to find because of the world’s influence, human imperfection, and competitive environments. This paper describes and discusses how the approach is defined by different scholars, the benefits gained from exercising authentic leadership, obstacles to obtaining it and ways by which authenticity can be enhanced. Lack of authentic leadership has proved to cause poor interpersonal relations, employee dissatisfaction, corruption and organization ineffectiveness. Authentic leadership is expected to contribute effectively to one’s leadership performance. A special emphasis in this paper is given on how much authentic leadership applies to the Church settings.
Keywords: Authentic leadership, moral compass, job satisfaction, self -awareness, Church settings, Christian perspective
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References
- Adepoju, A. (2020). Jesus Christ as the ultimate authentic leader: An inner texture analysis of Philippians 2:5-11. Journal of Biblical Perspective in Leadership, 10(1), 34–47.
- Altman, D., Taylor, S., & Baker, E. (2011). Leading with authenticity in challenging times. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 17(1), 90–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0b013e31820425c0
- Černe, M., Dimovski, V., Marič, M., Penger, S., & Škerlavaj, M. (2013). Congruence of leader self-perceptions and follower perceptions of authentic leadership: Understanding what authentic leadership is and how it enhances employees’ job satisfaction. Australian Journal of Management, 39(3), 453–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896213503665
- Choe, Y. J. (2012). Authentic pastor, authentic leadership: A third person perspective on restoring the Church. Hamilton Books.
- Copeland, M. K. (2016). The impact of authentic, ethical, transformational leadership on leader effectiveness. Journal of Leadership, Accountability & Ethics, 13(3), 79–97.
- Crawford, J. A., Dawkins, S., Martin, A., & Lewis, G. (2020). Putting the leader back into authentic leadership: Reconceptualizing and rethinking leaders. Australian Journal of Management, 45(1), 114–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896219836460
- Dodds, G., & Davies, M. (2011). Leadership in the Church for a people of hope. T & T Clark.
- Downe, J., Cowell, R., & Morgan, K. (2016). What determines ethical behavior in public
- organizations: Is it rules or leadership? Public Administration Review, 76(6), 898-909. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12562
- Einola, K., & Alvesson, M. (2021). The perils of authentic leadership theory. Leadership, 17(4), 483-490. https://doi.org/10.1177/17427150211004059
- Fusco, T. (2018). What does ‘work’ actually mean? The leadership benefits of authentic leadership development. In T. Fusco (Eds.), An Evidence-Based Approach to Authentic LeadershipDevelopment (pp. 46–54). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315187990-6
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- Gardiner, R. A. (2017). Authentic leadership through an ethical prism. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 19(4), 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422317728941
- Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2014). Addendum to “Relationships between authentic leadership, moral courage, and ethical and pro-social behaviors.” Business Ethics Quarterly, 24(2), 277–279. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201453011
- Howieson, B., & Hodges, J. (2016). Public and third sector leadership experience speaks. Emerald.
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- https://www.frontiersin.org/ articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02470/full
- Johnson, S. L. (2019). Authentic leadership theory and practical applications in nuclear medicine. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology, 47(3), 181–188.
- Kim, M. (2018). The effects of authentic leadership on employees’ well-being and the role of relational cohesion. Leadership. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76427
- Ko, G. (2018). 2 Samuel 21-24: A theological reflection on Israel's kingship. Old Testament
- Essays, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2018/v31n1a7
- Laguna, M., Walachowska, K., Gorgievski-Duijvesteijn, M. J., & Moriano, J. A. (2019). Authentic leadership and employees’ innovative behavior: A multilevel investigation in three countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 4201.
- McDonald, K. (2019). The foundation of self: A biblical context of leadership development. Journal of Biblical Perspective in Leadership, 9(1), 3–16.
- Miller, S. C. (2013). Global leadership and the call to authentic Christian leadership. Leadership Advanced Online, (23). https://doi.org/www.regent.edu/lao
- Mubarak, F., & Noor, A. (2018). Effect of authentic leadership on employee creativity in project-based organizations with the mediating roles of work engagement and psychological empowerment. Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1429348
- New International Version. (1984). International Bible Society. 1820 Jet Stream Drive,
- Colorado Springs, CO 80921-3696
- New King James Version. (1982). Thomas Nelson, Inc.
- Northouse, P. G. (2019). Leadership (International Student Edition): Theory and practice. SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Puls, T. R., Ludden, L. L, & Freemyer, J. (2014). Authentic leadership and its relationship to ministerial effectiveness. Journal of Applied Christian Leadership, 8(1), 55-75. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1160&context=jacl
- Rahimnia, F., & Sharifirad, M. S. (2014). Authentic leadership and employee well-being: The mediating role of attachment insecurity. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(2), 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2318-1
- Schuyler, K. G., Baugher, J. E., Jironet, K., & Lid-Falkman, L. (Eds.). (2014). Leading with spirit, presence, and authenticity. Jossey-Bass.
- Walumbwa, F., Avolio, B., Gardner, W., et al. (2008) Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management, 34, 89–126.
- White, E. G. (1903). Education. Review & Herald.
- White, E. G. (1948). Gospel workers. Review & Herald.
- White, E. G. (2002). Messages to young people. Review & Herald.
- Wilson, B. L. (2018). Authentic leadership: Paul's instructions to Titus. Journal of Biblical Perspective in Leadership, 8(1), 202–212.
- Wulffers, T. (2016). Program effect of authentic leadership development on trust. International Journal of Complexity in Leadership and Management, 3(3), 198. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijclm.2016.10001177
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References
Adepoju, A. (2020). Jesus Christ as the ultimate authentic leader: An inner texture analysis of Philippians 2:5-11. Journal of Biblical Perspective in Leadership, 10(1), 34–47.
Altman, D., Taylor, S., & Baker, E. (2011). Leading with authenticity in challenging times. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 17(1), 90–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0b013e31820425c0
Černe, M., Dimovski, V., Marič, M., Penger, S., & Škerlavaj, M. (2013). Congruence of leader self-perceptions and follower perceptions of authentic leadership: Understanding what authentic leadership is and how it enhances employees’ job satisfaction. Australian Journal of Management, 39(3), 453–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896213503665
Choe, Y. J. (2012). Authentic pastor, authentic leadership: A third person perspective on restoring the Church. Hamilton Books.
Copeland, M. K. (2016). The impact of authentic, ethical, transformational leadership on leader effectiveness. Journal of Leadership, Accountability & Ethics, 13(3), 79–97.
Crawford, J. A., Dawkins, S., Martin, A., & Lewis, G. (2020). Putting the leader back into authentic leadership: Reconceptualizing and rethinking leaders. Australian Journal of Management, 45(1), 114–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896219836460
Dodds, G., & Davies, M. (2011). Leadership in the Church for a people of hope. T & T Clark.
Downe, J., Cowell, R., & Morgan, K. (2016). What determines ethical behavior in public
organizations: Is it rules or leadership? Public Administration Review, 76(6), 898-909. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12562
Einola, K., & Alvesson, M. (2021). The perils of authentic leadership theory. Leadership, 17(4), 483-490. https://doi.org/10.1177/17427150211004059
Fusco, T. (2018). What does ‘work’ actually mean? The leadership benefits of authentic leadership development. In T. Fusco (Eds.), An Evidence-Based Approach to Authentic LeadershipDevelopment (pp. 46–54). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315187990-6
simple and effective ways to motivate your employees. (2022, January 26). Forbes . https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/01/26/ /?sh=37696
Friedman, H., & Friedman, L. (2019). What went wrong? Lessons in leadership from
Solomon, the Bible’s wisest and worst ruler. Journal of Values-Based Leadership, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.22543/0733.121.1237
Gardiner, R. A. (2017). Authentic leadership through an ethical prism. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 19(4), 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422317728941
Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2014). Addendum to “Relationships between authentic leadership, moral courage, and ethical and pro-social behaviors.” Business Ethics Quarterly, 24(2), 277–279. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201453011
Howieson, B., & Hodges, J. (2016). Public and third sector leadership experience speaks. Emerald.
Hu, Y., Wu, X., Zong, Z., Xiao, Y., Maguire, P., Qu, F., Wei, J., & Wang, D. (2018). Authentic leadership and proactive behavior: The role of psychological capital and compassion at work. Frontiers in Psychology, 9.
https://www.frontiersin.org/ articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02470/full
Johnson, S. L. (2019). Authentic leadership theory and practical applications in nuclear medicine. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology, 47(3), 181–188.
Kim, M. (2018). The effects of authentic leadership on employees’ well-being and the role of relational cohesion. Leadership. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76427
Ko, G. (2018). 2 Samuel 21-24: A theological reflection on Israel's kingship. Old Testament
Essays, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2018/v31n1a7
Laguna, M., Walachowska, K., Gorgievski-Duijvesteijn, M. J., & Moriano, J. A. (2019). Authentic leadership and employees’ innovative behavior: A multilevel investigation in three countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 4201.
McDonald, K. (2019). The foundation of self: A biblical context of leadership development. Journal of Biblical Perspective in Leadership, 9(1), 3–16.
Miller, S. C. (2013). Global leadership and the call to authentic Christian leadership. Leadership Advanced Online, (23). https://doi.org/www.regent.edu/lao
Mubarak, F., & Noor, A. (2018). Effect of authentic leadership on employee creativity in project-based organizations with the mediating roles of work engagement and psychological empowerment. Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1429348
New International Version. (1984). International Bible Society. 1820 Jet Stream Drive,
Colorado Springs, CO 80921-3696
New King James Version. (1982). Thomas Nelson, Inc.
Northouse, P. G. (2019). Leadership (International Student Edition): Theory and practice. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Puls, T. R., Ludden, L. L, & Freemyer, J. (2014). Authentic leadership and its relationship to ministerial effectiveness. Journal of Applied Christian Leadership, 8(1), 55-75. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1160&context=jacl
Rahimnia, F., & Sharifirad, M. S. (2014). Authentic leadership and employee well-being: The mediating role of attachment insecurity. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(2), 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2318-1
Schuyler, K. G., Baugher, J. E., Jironet, K., & Lid-Falkman, L. (Eds.). (2014). Leading with spirit, presence, and authenticity. Jossey-Bass.
Walumbwa, F., Avolio, B., Gardner, W., et al. (2008) Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management, 34, 89–126.
White, E. G. (1903). Education. Review & Herald.
White, E. G. (1948). Gospel workers. Review & Herald.
White, E. G. (2002). Messages to young people. Review & Herald.
Wilson, B. L. (2018). Authentic leadership: Paul's instructions to Titus. Journal of Biblical Perspective in Leadership, 8(1), 202–212.
Wulffers, T. (2016). Program effect of authentic leadership development on trust. International Journal of Complexity in Leadership and Management, 3(3), 198. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijclm.2016.10001177
Wulffers, T. (2017). Authentic leadership effectiveness for individuals and teams: A coaching approach. KR Publishing.