Main Article Content
Abstract
Small businesses are regarded as the backbone of economies worldwide. Despite the government’s numerous sustainability efforts in the public sector, small businesses are acknowledged to contribute significantly to the expansion and prosperity of any economy. This is also true across Africa. Many Liberians rely on the viability and success of small businesses as their primary source of survival. Unfortunately, the results and trends for economic growth are not meeting expectations. This study explores how small businesses can achieve competitiveness and sustainability. A qualitative phenomenological method was used following a descriptive research approach. Five business owners representing two counties in Liberia were selected using purposive sampling. An in-depth individual interview was conducted and discussed. Data were analyzed and coded using thematic descriptive analysis with four identified themes. The findings reveal that small business owners have similar lived experiences with positive and negative aspects. It highlights the need for effective strategies to compete and maintain small businesses, including driving success, market research, and customer relationships. However, it emphasizes that knowledge and skills are essential.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Adisa, T. A., Abdulraheem, I., & Mordi, C. (2014). The Characteristics and Challenges of Small Businesses in Africa: An Exploratory Study of Nigerian Small Business Owners. Economic Insights—Trends and Challenges, 3, 1-14.
- Adusei, C., & Tweneboah-Koduah, I. (2020). Small enterprises and banking in rural Ghana. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 9(3), 175-181. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i3.696
- Alshareef, N., & Tunio, M. N. (2022). Role of leadership in the adoption of blockchain technology in small and medium enterprises in Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911432
- Arshi,T. A., Rao, V., Islam, S., & Morande, S. (2020). SECURE – A new business model framework for measuring start-up performance. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 13(3), 459-485. https://doi.org/10.1108/jeee-02-2020-0043
- Ayyagari, M., Beck, T., & Demirgüç-Kunt, A. (2003). Small and medium enterprises across the globe: A new database. World Bank.
- Blackburn, R. A., Hart, M., & Wainwright, T. (2013). Small business performance: Business, strategy, and owner‐manager characteristics. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(1), 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001311298394
- Carter, R. and Van Auken, H. (2006), “Small firm bankruptcy”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 44 No. 4, pp. 493-512.
- Cant, M. C. (2017). Do small, medium, and micro enterprises have the capacity and will to employ more people: Solution to unemployment or just a pipe dream? International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(3), 366–372. https://doi.org/ISSN: 2146-4405
- Chidukwani, A., Zander, S., & Koutsakis, P. (2022). A survey on the cyber security of small-to-medium businesses: Challenges, research focus and recommendations. IEEE Access, 10, 85701–85719. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3197899
- Chimezie, C. O., & Uzoezie, C. L. (2021). Entrepreneurs’ rating of entrepreneurship skills needed by business education graduates for effective management of small-scale businesses in Anambra State, Arabian J Bus Management Review (Kuwait Chapter) 10(3), 115-122.
- Cronin-Gilmore, J. (2012). Exploring marketing strategies in small businesses. Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness 6(1), 96-107.
- Diabate, A., Sibiri, H., Wang, L., & Yu, L. (2019). Assessing SMES’ sustainable growth through entrepreneurs’ ability and entrepreneurial orientation: An insight into SMEs in Côte d’Ivoire. Sustainability, 11(24), 7149. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247149
- David, L. K. (2020). Effects of multiple taxation on the survival of businesses in Grand Cape Mount County, Republic of Liberia. International Journal of Research in Marketing Management and Sales, 2(1), 52–57. https://doi.org/10.33545/26633329.2020.v2.i1a.47
- Denton, A. (2020). Why do most small businesses in Liberia fail? Open Journal of Business and Management, 08(04), 1771-1815. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2020.84110
- Dukuly, F. S., & Huang, K. (2020). The study on the impact of Liberia’s exports and imports on its economic growth. Open Journal of Business and Management, 08(06), 2649–2670. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2020.86164
- Dutse, A. H., & Aliyu, M. S. (2018). Cost leadership, market orientation, and business performance: An empirical investigation. Journal of Quantitative Methods, 2(2), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.29145/2018/jqm/020203
- Faeq, D. K. (2022). SME competitiveness: The influence of the qualities of leadership on competitive advantage. International Journal of Language, Literature and Culture, 2(6), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijllc.2.6.1
- Fatoki, O. (2014). The causes of the failure of new small and medium enterprises in South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p922
- Edmiston, K. D. (2004). The role of small business in economic development(No. 2005-01). Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
- Gblee, I. T. (2023). The standardization of corporate governance policies across state-owned enterprises in Liberia, West Africa (dissertation).
- Gerba, Y.T. and Viswanadham, P. (2016). Performance measurement of small-scale enterprises: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature, International Journal of Applied Research, 22, 531-535.
- Gjokaj, E., Kopeva, D., Krasniqi, N., & Nagy, H. (2021). Factors affecting the performance of Agri-small and medium enterprises with evidence from Kosovo. European Countryside, 13(2), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.2478/euco-2021-0019
- Grant R. M. (2016). Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
- Gupta, V. K., & York, A. S. (2008). Attitudes toward entrepreneurship and small business. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 2(4), 348-366. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506200810913917
- Hefer, Y., Cant, M. C., & Wiid, J. A. (2015). Starting one's own business what motivates entrepreneurs? International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 14(2), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v14i2.9110
- Hyder, S., & Lussier, R. N. (2016). Why businesses succeed or fail: a study on small businesses in Pakistan. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 8(1), 82-100. https://doi.org/10.1108/jeee-03-2015-0020
- Khan, A. A., Laghari, A. A., Li, P., Dootio, M. A., & Karim, S. (2023). The collaborative role of blockchain, artificial intelligence, and industrial internet of things in the digitalization of small and medium-sized enterprises. Scientific Reports, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-28707-9
- Lazanyi, K. (2015). What makes a start-up successful? – Small business ventures in focus, On-line Journal Modelling the New Europe (16), 68-79.
- Leick, B. (2011). Barriers to co-operation and competitive advantage: Cross-border business networks of Saxon and northern bohemian firms. Journal of East European Management Studies, 16(2), 162-184. https://doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2011-2-162
- Lockett, A., Thompson, S., & Morgenstern, U. (2009). The development of the resource‐based view of the firm: A critical appraisal. International Journal of Management Reviews, 11(1), 9–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2008.00252.x
- Mandhachitara, R., & Allapach, S. (2017). Small business performance in Thailand: Key success factors. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 19(2), 161-181. https://doi.org/10.1108/jrme-06-2016-0018
- Meng, L., Qamruzzaman, M., & Adow, A. H. (2021). Technological adaption and open innovation in SMEs: A strategic assessment for women-owned SMEs sustainability in Bangladesh. Sustainability, 13(5), 2942. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052942
- Mellish, M. (2016). Exploring Skills That Liberian Small-Business Entrepreneurs Use to Succeed in Business (Order No. 10133635). [Doctoral dissertation, College of Management and Technology, Walden University- Ann Arbor ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I
- Muriithi, S. M. (2017). African small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contributions, challenges, and solutions. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Management Sciences, 5(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/ISSN 2056-5992
- Ngo, Q. (2021). How market orientation induces small business performance: The role of strategic fits. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 23(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.60623
- Nguyen,P. H. (2021). Impacting management skills on business efficiency: a case study of small and medium enterprise in Ho Chi Minh City, Journal of Management Information and Decision Sciences 24(6), 1-12. https://doi.org/1532-5806-24-S6-16
- Obadan, J. A., & Ohiorenoya, J. O. (2013). Succession planning in small business enterprises in Edo State of Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 9(31).
- O'Shannassy, T. (2008). Sustainable competitive advantage or temporary competitive advantage. Journal of Strategy and Management, 1(2), 168-180. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554250810926357
- Rashid, N., Ismail, W. N., Rahman, M. S., & Afthanorhan, A. (2018). Conceptual analysis on performance measurement used in SMEs’ research: The effectiveness of firm’s overall performance. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i11/5199
- Qosasi, A., Permana, E., Muftiadi, A., Purnomo, M., & Maulina, E. (2019). Building SMEs’ competitive advantage and the organizational agility of apparel retailers in Indonesia: The role of ICT as an initial trigger. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 21(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.39001
- Schutte, F., & Chauke, T. (2021). The role and effectiveness of business incubators in growing small businesses: A focus on the manufacturing industry, Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal 27(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/1528-2686-27-S4-501
- Sharma, M. J., & Sharma, P. (2020). Small businesses survival and success: An Exploration of Socioeconomic Motivators and Restraints. Small Businesses Survival and Success: Journal of Business Strategy 17(4), 1-19.
- Sivili, F. O., & Boateng, P. A. (2023). Assessment of strategic leadership practices in small business settings. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII(V), 424–433. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.70535
- Slávik, Š., Bednár, R., & Mišúnová Hudáková, I. (2021). The structure of the start-up business model—qualitative analysis. Sustainability, 13(15), 8386. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158386
- Wambua, G. K., & Kiarie, D. M. (2016). Influence of generic competitive strategies on performance in retail outlets in Nairobi, Kenya. International Journal of Human Resources and Procurement., 5(10), 267–293. https://doi.org/ISSN 2307-6305.
- Widiarty, W. S. (2023). Legal protection for small businesses in the free market era in Indonesia review of law number 20 of 2008 concerning Micro Small and Medium Enterprises. AL-MANHAJ: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial Islam, 5(1), 603–610. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2543
- Widyastuti, W., -Haryono, N. A., & Tiarawati, M. T. (2017). SMES marketing strategies development in improving competitive advantages (Study on the center of making beads in JOMBANG). Researchers World: Journal of Arts, Science and Commerce, VIII, 2(1), 28-33. https://doi.org/10.18843/rwjasc/v8i2(1)/03
- Wind, Y. J., & Bell, D. R. (2008). Market segmentation. In The marketing book (pp. 260-282). Routledge.
- Yu, C., Tang, D., Tenkorang, A. P., & Bethel, B. J. (2021). The impact of the opening of producer services on the international competitiveness of the manufacturing industry. Sustainability, 13(20), 11224. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011224
- Zultaqawa, Z., Alexandri, M. B., Rizal, M., Kostini, N., & Aulia, M. D. (2019). Mobility and competitive action on the competitive advantage of Indonesian small and medium enterprises in the clothing industries. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics10(4),1148.https://doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v10.4(42).15
References
Adisa, T. A., Abdulraheem, I., & Mordi, C. (2014). The Characteristics and Challenges of Small Businesses in Africa: An Exploratory Study of Nigerian Small Business Owners. Economic Insights—Trends and Challenges, 3, 1-14.
Adusei, C., & Tweneboah-Koduah, I. (2020). Small enterprises and banking in rural Ghana. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 9(3), 175-181. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i3.696
Alshareef, N., & Tunio, M. N. (2022). Role of leadership in the adoption of blockchain technology in small and medium enterprises in Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911432
Arshi,T. A., Rao, V., Islam, S., & Morande, S. (2020). SECURE – A new business model framework for measuring start-up performance. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 13(3), 459-485. https://doi.org/10.1108/jeee-02-2020-0043
Ayyagari, M., Beck, T., & Demirgüç-Kunt, A. (2003). Small and medium enterprises across the globe: A new database. World Bank.
Blackburn, R. A., Hart, M., & Wainwright, T. (2013). Small business performance: Business, strategy, and owner‐manager characteristics. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(1), 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001311298394
Carter, R. and Van Auken, H. (2006), “Small firm bankruptcy”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 44 No. 4, pp. 493-512.
Cant, M. C. (2017). Do small, medium, and micro enterprises have the capacity and will to employ more people: Solution to unemployment or just a pipe dream? International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(3), 366–372. https://doi.org/ISSN: 2146-4405
Chidukwani, A., Zander, S., & Koutsakis, P. (2022). A survey on the cyber security of small-to-medium businesses: Challenges, research focus and recommendations. IEEE Access, 10, 85701–85719. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3197899
Chimezie, C. O., & Uzoezie, C. L. (2021). Entrepreneurs’ rating of entrepreneurship skills needed by business education graduates for effective management of small-scale businesses in Anambra State, Arabian J Bus Management Review (Kuwait Chapter) 10(3), 115-122.
Cronin-Gilmore, J. (2012). Exploring marketing strategies in small businesses. Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness 6(1), 96-107.
Diabate, A., Sibiri, H., Wang, L., & Yu, L. (2019). Assessing SMES’ sustainable growth through entrepreneurs’ ability and entrepreneurial orientation: An insight into SMEs in Côte d’Ivoire. Sustainability, 11(24), 7149. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247149
David, L. K. (2020). Effects of multiple taxation on the survival of businesses in Grand Cape Mount County, Republic of Liberia. International Journal of Research in Marketing Management and Sales, 2(1), 52–57. https://doi.org/10.33545/26633329.2020.v2.i1a.47
Denton, A. (2020). Why do most small businesses in Liberia fail? Open Journal of Business and Management, 08(04), 1771-1815. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2020.84110
Dukuly, F. S., & Huang, K. (2020). The study on the impact of Liberia’s exports and imports on its economic growth. Open Journal of Business and Management, 08(06), 2649–2670. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2020.86164
Dutse, A. H., & Aliyu, M. S. (2018). Cost leadership, market orientation, and business performance: An empirical investigation. Journal of Quantitative Methods, 2(2), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.29145/2018/jqm/020203
Faeq, D. K. (2022). SME competitiveness: The influence of the qualities of leadership on competitive advantage. International Journal of Language, Literature and Culture, 2(6), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijllc.2.6.1
Fatoki, O. (2014). The causes of the failure of new small and medium enterprises in South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p922
Edmiston, K. D. (2004). The role of small business in economic development(No. 2005-01). Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
Gblee, I. T. (2023). The standardization of corporate governance policies across state-owned enterprises in Liberia, West Africa (dissertation).
Gerba, Y.T. and Viswanadham, P. (2016). Performance measurement of small-scale enterprises: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature, International Journal of Applied Research, 22, 531-535.
Gjokaj, E., Kopeva, D., Krasniqi, N., & Nagy, H. (2021). Factors affecting the performance of Agri-small and medium enterprises with evidence from Kosovo. European Countryside, 13(2), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.2478/euco-2021-0019
Grant R. M. (2016). Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Gupta, V. K., & York, A. S. (2008). Attitudes toward entrepreneurship and small business. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 2(4), 348-366. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506200810913917
Hefer, Y., Cant, M. C., & Wiid, J. A. (2015). Starting one's own business what motivates entrepreneurs? International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 14(2), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v14i2.9110
Hyder, S., & Lussier, R. N. (2016). Why businesses succeed or fail: a study on small businesses in Pakistan. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 8(1), 82-100. https://doi.org/10.1108/jeee-03-2015-0020
Khan, A. A., Laghari, A. A., Li, P., Dootio, M. A., & Karim, S. (2023). The collaborative role of blockchain, artificial intelligence, and industrial internet of things in the digitalization of small and medium-sized enterprises. Scientific Reports, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-28707-9
Lazanyi, K. (2015). What makes a start-up successful? – Small business ventures in focus, On-line Journal Modelling the New Europe (16), 68-79.
Leick, B. (2011). Barriers to co-operation and competitive advantage: Cross-border business networks of Saxon and northern bohemian firms. Journal of East European Management Studies, 16(2), 162-184. https://doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2011-2-162
Lockett, A., Thompson, S., & Morgenstern, U. (2009). The development of the resource‐based view of the firm: A critical appraisal. International Journal of Management Reviews, 11(1), 9–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2008.00252.x
Mandhachitara, R., & Allapach, S. (2017). Small business performance in Thailand: Key success factors. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 19(2), 161-181. https://doi.org/10.1108/jrme-06-2016-0018
Meng, L., Qamruzzaman, M., & Adow, A. H. (2021). Technological adaption and open innovation in SMEs: A strategic assessment for women-owned SMEs sustainability in Bangladesh. Sustainability, 13(5), 2942. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052942
Mellish, M. (2016). Exploring Skills That Liberian Small-Business Entrepreneurs Use to Succeed in Business (Order No. 10133635). [Doctoral dissertation, College of Management and Technology, Walden University- Ann Arbor ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I
Muriithi, S. M. (2017). African small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contributions, challenges, and solutions. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Management Sciences, 5(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/ISSN 2056-5992
Ngo, Q. (2021). How market orientation induces small business performance: The role of strategic fits. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 23(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.60623
Nguyen,P. H. (2021). Impacting management skills on business efficiency: a case study of small and medium enterprise in Ho Chi Minh City, Journal of Management Information and Decision Sciences 24(6), 1-12. https://doi.org/1532-5806-24-S6-16
Obadan, J. A., & Ohiorenoya, J. O. (2013). Succession planning in small business enterprises in Edo State of Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 9(31).
O'Shannassy, T. (2008). Sustainable competitive advantage or temporary competitive advantage. Journal of Strategy and Management, 1(2), 168-180. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554250810926357
Rashid, N., Ismail, W. N., Rahman, M. S., & Afthanorhan, A. (2018). Conceptual analysis on performance measurement used in SMEs’ research: The effectiveness of firm’s overall performance. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i11/5199
Qosasi, A., Permana, E., Muftiadi, A., Purnomo, M., & Maulina, E. (2019). Building SMEs’ competitive advantage and the organizational agility of apparel retailers in Indonesia: The role of ICT as an initial trigger. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 21(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.39001
Schutte, F., & Chauke, T. (2021). The role and effectiveness of business incubators in growing small businesses: A focus on the manufacturing industry, Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal 27(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/1528-2686-27-S4-501
Sharma, M. J., & Sharma, P. (2020). Small businesses survival and success: An Exploration of Socioeconomic Motivators and Restraints. Small Businesses Survival and Success: Journal of Business Strategy 17(4), 1-19.
Sivili, F. O., & Boateng, P. A. (2023). Assessment of strategic leadership practices in small business settings. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII(V), 424–433. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.70535
Slávik, Š., Bednár, R., & Mišúnová Hudáková, I. (2021). The structure of the start-up business model—qualitative analysis. Sustainability, 13(15), 8386. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158386
Wambua, G. K., & Kiarie, D. M. (2016). Influence of generic competitive strategies on performance in retail outlets in Nairobi, Kenya. International Journal of Human Resources and Procurement., 5(10), 267–293. https://doi.org/ISSN 2307-6305.
Widiarty, W. S. (2023). Legal protection for small businesses in the free market era in Indonesia review of law number 20 of 2008 concerning Micro Small and Medium Enterprises. AL-MANHAJ: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial Islam, 5(1), 603–610. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2543
Widyastuti, W., -Haryono, N. A., & Tiarawati, M. T. (2017). SMES marketing strategies development in improving competitive advantages (Study on the center of making beads in JOMBANG). Researchers World: Journal of Arts, Science and Commerce, VIII, 2(1), 28-33. https://doi.org/10.18843/rwjasc/v8i2(1)/03
Wind, Y. J., & Bell, D. R. (2008). Market segmentation. In The marketing book (pp. 260-282). Routledge.
Yu, C., Tang, D., Tenkorang, A. P., & Bethel, B. J. (2021). The impact of the opening of producer services on the international competitiveness of the manufacturing industry. Sustainability, 13(20), 11224. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011224
Zultaqawa, Z., Alexandri, M. B., Rizal, M., Kostini, N., & Aulia, M. D. (2019). Mobility and competitive action on the competitive advantage of Indonesian small and medium enterprises in the clothing industries. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics10(4),1148.https://doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v10.4(42).15