Main Article Content
Abstract
Providing feedback is a core element in the workplace and is often ignored. Feedback is the cornerstone for effective leadership and management. Without feedback, good practices are not reinforced, poor performance is not corrected, and the path to improvement is not identified. This theoretical review focuses on the provision of feedback in the workplace. Its purpose is to provide an overview of effective feedback for positive results. This paper begins by discussing the importance of feedback in the workplace, followed by a discussion of the main types of feedback. This article also explores what, how, when, and where feedback is given, including best practices, common mistakes, and effective strategies for delivering feedback. The main sections of this paper highlight different aspects of feedback, including the importance of goal setting, effective communication techniques, and timing and context. This paper offers practical guidance on effective strategies, goal setting, and techniques for managers and employees seeking to improve their feedback skills.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Abi-Esber, N., Abel, J. E., Schroeder, J., & Gino, F. (2022). “Just letting you know…” Underestimating others’ desire for constructive feedback. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000393
- Aritajati, C., & Rosson, M. B. (2021). Smile! Positive emojis improve reception and intention to use constructive feedback. In Diversity, Divergence, Dialogue: 16th International Conference, iConference 2021, Beijing, China, March 17–31, 2021, Proceedings, Part I 16 (pp. 248-267). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71292-1_21
- Aslam, R., & Khan, N. (2021). Secondary school teachers’ knowledge and practices about constructive feedback: Evidence from Karachi, Pakistan. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 40(2), 532-543. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v40i2.35190
- Carless, D., & Winstone, N. (2023). Teacher feedback literacy and its interplay with student feedback literacy. Teaching in Higher Education, 28(1), 150-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2020.1782372
- Diener, E., Thapa, S., & Tay, L. (2020). Positive emotions at work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7, 451-477. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044908
- Evans, T. R., & Dobrosielska, A. (2021). Feedback-seeking culture moderates the relationship between positive feedback and task performance. Current Psychology, 40(7), 3401-3408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00248-3
- Glassey, R., & Bälter, O. (2020, October). Put the students to work: generating questions with constructive feedback. In 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp. 1-8). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE44824.2020.9274110
- Hamzah, H., Nordin, N. S., Dwiyanti, R., Na'imah, T., & Mawi, N. (2021). The role of well-being, supervisor support and positive feedback on lecturers’ work engagement. The Journal of Behavioral Science, 16(1), 73-84. Retrieved from https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJBS/article/view/245504
- Harvey, J. F., & Green Jr, P. (2022). Constructive feedback: When leader agreeableness stifles team reflexivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 194, 111624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111624
- Henderson, M., Phillips, M., Ryan, T., Boud, D., Dawson, P., Molloy, E., & Mahoney, P. (2019). Conditions that enable effective feedback. Higher Education Research & Development, 38(7), 1401-1416. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1657807
- Henderson, M., Ryan, T., & Phillips, M. (2019). The challenges of feedback in higher education. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2019.1599815
- Huisman, B., Saab, N., van den Broek, P., & van Driel, J. (2019). The impact of formative peer feedback on higher education students’ academic writing: a Meta-Analysis. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 44(6), 863-880. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2018.1545896
- Johnson, C. E., Weerasuria, M. P., & Keating, J. L. (2020). Effect of face-to-face verbal feedback compared with no or alternative feedback on the objective workplace task performance of health professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 10(3), e030672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030672
- Kuhlmann Lüdeke, A., & Guillén Olaya, J. F. (2020). Effective Feedback, An Essential Component of All Stages in Medical Education. Universitas Medica, 61(3), 32-46. https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.umed61-3.feed
- Lee, W. R., Choi, S. B., & Kang, S. W. (2021). How leaders’ positive feedback influences employees’ innovative behavior: The mediating role of voice behavior and job autonomy. Sustainability, 13(4), 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041901
- MacNeil, K., Cuncic, C., Voyer, S., Butler, D., & Hatala, R. (2020). Necessary but not sufficient: identifying conditions for effective feedback during internal medicine residents’ clinical education. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 25, 641-654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-019-09948-8
- Monteiro, V., Carvalho, C., & Santos, N. N. (2021). Creating a supportive classroom environment through effective feedback: Effects on students’ school identification and behavioral engagement. In Frontiers in Education (p. 228). Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.661736
- Radic, A., Arjona-Fuentes, J. M., Ariza-Montes, A., Han, H., & Law, R. (2020). Job demands–job resources (JD-R) model, work engagement, and well-being of cruise ship employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 88, 102518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102518
- Rivera, M., Qiu, L., Kumar, S., & Petrucci, T. (2021). Are traditional performance reviews outdated? An empirical analysis on continuous, real-time feedback in the workplace. Information Systems Research, 32(2), 517-540. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2020.0979
- Rogito, J. M., & Nyamota, G. (2022). Cross-cultural differences in leadership and management of agricultural projects in Africa. Journal of Innovations and Sustainability, 6(2), 01-01. https://doi.org/10.51599/is.2022.06.02.01
- Rogito, J., & Rogito, N. (2022). Addressing the effects of COVID-19 on agriculture and food security situation in Africa. Journal of Innovations and Sustainability, 6(1), 05-05. https://doi.org/10.51599/is.2022.06.01.05
- Rony, Z. T., Yasin, M., Lubis, F. M., & Syarief, F. (2020). The role of active constructive feedback in building employee performance (Case study at a private construction company in Indonesia 2018-2019). International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilation, 24(08), 9350-9359. http://repository.ubharajaya.ac.id/id/eprint/3211
- Ryan, A., Judd, T., Swanson, D., Larsen, D. P., Elliott, S., Tzanetos, K., & Kulasegaram, K. (2020). Beyond right or wrong: More effective feedback for formative multiple-choice tests. Perspectives on Medical Education, 9, 307-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-020-00606-z
- Silvervarg, A., Wolf, R., Blair, K. P., Haake, M., & Gulz, A. (2021). How teachable agents influence students’ responses to critical constructive feedback. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 53(1), 67-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2020.1784812
- Susilana, R., & Pribadi, B. A. (2021). Constructive Online Feedback to Enhance Learning Achievement of Open and Distance Students. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues, 13(3), 514-528. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v13i3.5959
- Toshnazarovna, E. M. (2021). Using the feedback template in teaching speaking and writing. Web of Scientist: International Scientific Research Journal, 2(11), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/RN29Q
- Warrilow, G. D., Johnson, D. A., & Eagle, L. M. (2020). The effects of feedback modality on performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 40(3-4), 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/01608061.2020.1784351
- Weallans, J., Roberts, C., Hamilton, S., & Parker, S. (2022). Guidance for providing effective feedback in clinical supervision in postgraduate medical education: a systematic review. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 98(1156), 138-149. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139566
- Whitney, T., & Ackerman, K. B. (2020). Acknowledging student behavior: A review of methods promoting positive and constructive feedback. Beyond Behavior, 29(2), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074295620902474
- Xing, L., Sun, J. M., & Jepsen, D. (2021). Feeling shame in the workplace: examining negative feedback as an antecedent and performance and well‐being as consequences. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(9), 1244-1260. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2553
References
Abi-Esber, N., Abel, J. E., Schroeder, J., & Gino, F. (2022). “Just letting you know…” Underestimating others’ desire for constructive feedback. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000393
Aritajati, C., & Rosson, M. B. (2021). Smile! Positive emojis improve reception and intention to use constructive feedback. In Diversity, Divergence, Dialogue: 16th International Conference, iConference 2021, Beijing, China, March 17–31, 2021, Proceedings, Part I 16 (pp. 248-267). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71292-1_21
Aslam, R., & Khan, N. (2021). Secondary school teachers’ knowledge and practices about constructive feedback: Evidence from Karachi, Pakistan. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 40(2), 532-543. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v40i2.35190
Carless, D., & Winstone, N. (2023). Teacher feedback literacy and its interplay with student feedback literacy. Teaching in Higher Education, 28(1), 150-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2020.1782372
Diener, E., Thapa, S., & Tay, L. (2020). Positive emotions at work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7, 451-477. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044908
Evans, T. R., & Dobrosielska, A. (2021). Feedback-seeking culture moderates the relationship between positive feedback and task performance. Current Psychology, 40(7), 3401-3408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00248-3
Glassey, R., & Bälter, O. (2020, October). Put the students to work: generating questions with constructive feedback. In 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp. 1-8). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE44824.2020.9274110
Hamzah, H., Nordin, N. S., Dwiyanti, R., Na'imah, T., & Mawi, N. (2021). The role of well-being, supervisor support and positive feedback on lecturers’ work engagement. The Journal of Behavioral Science, 16(1), 73-84. Retrieved from https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJBS/article/view/245504
Harvey, J. F., & Green Jr, P. (2022). Constructive feedback: When leader agreeableness stifles team reflexivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 194, 111624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111624
Henderson, M., Phillips, M., Ryan, T., Boud, D., Dawson, P., Molloy, E., & Mahoney, P. (2019). Conditions that enable effective feedback. Higher Education Research & Development, 38(7), 1401-1416. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1657807
Henderson, M., Ryan, T., & Phillips, M. (2019). The challenges of feedback in higher education. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2019.1599815
Huisman, B., Saab, N., van den Broek, P., & van Driel, J. (2019). The impact of formative peer feedback on higher education students’ academic writing: a Meta-Analysis. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 44(6), 863-880. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2018.1545896
Johnson, C. E., Weerasuria, M. P., & Keating, J. L. (2020). Effect of face-to-face verbal feedback compared with no or alternative feedback on the objective workplace task performance of health professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 10(3), e030672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030672
Kuhlmann Lüdeke, A., & Guillén Olaya, J. F. (2020). Effective Feedback, An Essential Component of All Stages in Medical Education. Universitas Medica, 61(3), 32-46. https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.umed61-3.feed
Lee, W. R., Choi, S. B., & Kang, S. W. (2021). How leaders’ positive feedback influences employees’ innovative behavior: The mediating role of voice behavior and job autonomy. Sustainability, 13(4), 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041901
MacNeil, K., Cuncic, C., Voyer, S., Butler, D., & Hatala, R. (2020). Necessary but not sufficient: identifying conditions for effective feedback during internal medicine residents’ clinical education. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 25, 641-654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-019-09948-8
Monteiro, V., Carvalho, C., & Santos, N. N. (2021). Creating a supportive classroom environment through effective feedback: Effects on students’ school identification and behavioral engagement. In Frontiers in Education (p. 228). Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.661736
Radic, A., Arjona-Fuentes, J. M., Ariza-Montes, A., Han, H., & Law, R. (2020). Job demands–job resources (JD-R) model, work engagement, and well-being of cruise ship employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 88, 102518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102518
Rivera, M., Qiu, L., Kumar, S., & Petrucci, T. (2021). Are traditional performance reviews outdated? An empirical analysis on continuous, real-time feedback in the workplace. Information Systems Research, 32(2), 517-540. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2020.0979
Rogito, J. M., & Nyamota, G. (2022). Cross-cultural differences in leadership and management of agricultural projects in Africa. Journal of Innovations and Sustainability, 6(2), 01-01. https://doi.org/10.51599/is.2022.06.02.01
Rogito, J., & Rogito, N. (2022). Addressing the effects of COVID-19 on agriculture and food security situation in Africa. Journal of Innovations and Sustainability, 6(1), 05-05. https://doi.org/10.51599/is.2022.06.01.05
Rony, Z. T., Yasin, M., Lubis, F. M., & Syarief, F. (2020). The role of active constructive feedback in building employee performance (Case study at a private construction company in Indonesia 2018-2019). International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilation, 24(08), 9350-9359. http://repository.ubharajaya.ac.id/id/eprint/3211
Ryan, A., Judd, T., Swanson, D., Larsen, D. P., Elliott, S., Tzanetos, K., & Kulasegaram, K. (2020). Beyond right or wrong: More effective feedback for formative multiple-choice tests. Perspectives on Medical Education, 9, 307-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-020-00606-z
Silvervarg, A., Wolf, R., Blair, K. P., Haake, M., & Gulz, A. (2021). How teachable agents influence students’ responses to critical constructive feedback. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 53(1), 67-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2020.1784812
Susilana, R., & Pribadi, B. A. (2021). Constructive Online Feedback to Enhance Learning Achievement of Open and Distance Students. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues, 13(3), 514-528. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v13i3.5959
Toshnazarovna, E. M. (2021). Using the feedback template in teaching speaking and writing. Web of Scientist: International Scientific Research Journal, 2(11), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/RN29Q
Warrilow, G. D., Johnson, D. A., & Eagle, L. M. (2020). The effects of feedback modality on performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 40(3-4), 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/01608061.2020.1784351
Weallans, J., Roberts, C., Hamilton, S., & Parker, S. (2022). Guidance for providing effective feedback in clinical supervision in postgraduate medical education: a systematic review. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 98(1156), 138-149. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139566
Whitney, T., & Ackerman, K. B. (2020). Acknowledging student behavior: A review of methods promoting positive and constructive feedback. Beyond Behavior, 29(2), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074295620902474
Xing, L., Sun, J. M., & Jepsen, D. (2021). Feeling shame in the workplace: examining negative feedback as an antecedent and performance and well‐being as consequences. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(9), 1244-1260. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2553