Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigates the perspectives of internal auditors and their stakeholders on whether independence, objectivity, and standard usage will lead to value-added and implementation of the recommendations of internal audit function (IAF). Using a survey, we collected data from 142 Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) members in Ghana and 139 stakeholders. We used PLS SEM to test the hypothesis. The findings suggest that independence, objectivity, and compliance with standards would add value, as perceived by both internal auditors and their stakeholders. The results from stakeholders suggest that independence and objectivity, compliance with standards, and value-added will lead to the implementation of recommendations. However, internal auditors perceive that compliance with standards and value-added will not automatically result in the implementation of recommendations. This study represents the first effort to investigate the impact of independence and objectivity, compliance with standards on value-added, and the implementation of recommendations.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Abbott, L. J., Daugherty, B., Parker, S., & Peters, G. F. (2016). Internal audit quality and financial reporting quality: The joint importance of independence and competence. Journal of Accounting Research, 54(1), 3-40.
- Abdolmohammadi, M. J. (2009). Factors Associated with the Use of and Compliance with the IIA Standards: A Study of Anglo‐culture CAEs. International Journal of Auditing, 13(1), 2742.
- Abdolmohammadi, M. J., & Sarens, G. (2009, January 11). Cultural dimension as an explanatory variable in use and compliance with internal auditing standards in nineteen countries. CAAA Annual Conference. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1326071
- Abdolmohammadi, M. J., & Sarens, G. (2011). An investigation of the association between cultural dimensions and variations in perceived use of and compliance with internal auditing standards in 19 countries. The International Journal of Accounting, 46(4), 365389.
- Ahmad, Z. & Taylor, D. (2009). Commitment to independence by internal auditors: the effects of role ambiguity and role conflict, Managerial Auditing Journal, 24(9) 899-925.
- Aikins, S. K. (2013). Government internal audits: The determinants of quality supervisory review of audit documentation. International Journal of Public Administration, 36(10), 673-685.
- Al-Twaijry, A. A., Brierley, J. A., & Gwilliam, D. R. (2003). The development of internal audit in Saudi Arabia: an institutional theory perspective. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 14(5), 507-531.
- Alzeban, A., & Sawan, N. (2015). The impact of audit committee characteristics on the implementation of internal audit recommendations. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 24, 61-71.
- Asairy, S. M. (1993). Evaluating the extent of effectiveness of internal auditing: an applied study on Saudi joint stock companies. Unpublished MSc dissertation, King Abdul-Aziz University.
- Asiedu, K.F., & Deffor, E.W. (2017). Fighting corruption by means of effective internal audit function: Evidence from the Ghanaian public sector. International Journal of Auditing, 21(1), 82-99.
- Bagozzi, R. P. (1994). Structural equation models in marketing research: Basic principles. In Bagozzi (Ed.), Principles of marketing research. Blackwell Business.
- Bou‐Raad, G. (2000). Internal auditors and a value‐added approach: the new business regime. Managerial Auditing Journal, 15(4), 182-186
- Brierley, J. A., El‐Nafabi, H. M., & Gwilliam, D. R. (2001). The problems of establishing internal audit in the Sudanese public sector. International Journal of Auditing, 5(1), 73-87.
- Brown, P. R. (1983). Independent auditor judgment in the evaluation of internal audit functions. Journal of Accounting Research, 21(2), 444-455.
- Burnaby, P. A., Abdolmohammadi, Hass, S., Sarens, G, & Allegrini, M. (2009). Usage of internal auditing standards by companies in the United States and select European countries. Managerial Auditing Journal, 24(9), 835-860.
- Burton, F. G., Emett, S. A., Simon, C. A., & Wood, D. A. (2012). Corporate managers' reliance on internal auditor recommendations. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 31(2), 151166.
- Butcher, K., Harrison, G., & Ross, P. (2013). Perceptions of audit service quality and auditor retention. International Journal of Auditing, 17(1), 54-74.
- Chambers, A. D., & Odar, M. (2015). A new vision for internal audit. Managerial Auditing Journal, 30(1), 34-55.
- Chambers, A.D., Selim, G.M. and Vinten, G. (1987), International Auditing, ELBS.
- Christopher, J., Sarens, G., & Leung, P. (2009). A critical analysis of the independence of the internal audit function: evidence from Australia. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 22(2), 200-220.
- Clemmons, D. (2007). Benchmarking performance: survey findings reveal auditors' experiences with external quality assessments. Internal Auditor, 64(6), 76-78.
- Cohen, A., & Sayag, G. (2010). The effectiveness of internal auditing: an empirical examination of its determinants in Israeli organisations. Australian Accounting Review, 20(3), 296-307.
- D'Onza, G., & Sarens, G. (2018). Factors that enhance the quality of the relationships between internal auditors and auditees: Evidence from Italian companies. International Journal of Auditing, 22(1), 1-12.
- D'Onza, G., Selim, G. M., Melville, R., & Allegrini, M. (2015). A study on internal auditor perceptions of the function ability to add value. International Journal of Auditing, 19(3), 182-194.
- Dain, N., & Rahmat, M. M. (2017). Factors influencing public sector auditees on implementing audit recommendations. Jurnal Pengurusan (UKM Journal of Management), 51.
- Erasmus, L. J., Steyn, B., Fourie, H., & Coetzee, G. P. (2013). The adequacy, use and compliance with internal auditing standards:South African perceptions in comparison with other specific regions. Southern African Journal of Accountability and Auditing Research, 15(1), 43-52.
- Eulerich, M., Kremin, J., & Wood, D. A. (2019). Factors that influence the perceived use of the internal audit function's work by executive management and audit committee. Advances in Accounting, 45, 100410.
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
- Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effect model. Biometrika, 61(1), 101-107.
- Goodwin, J., & Yeo, T. Y. (2001). Two factors affecting internal audit independence and objectivity: Evidence from Singapore. International Journal of Auditing, 5(2), 107-125.
- Gramling, A. A., Maletta, M. J., Schneider, A., & Church, B. K. (2004). The role of the internal audit function in corporate governance: A synthesis of the extant internal auditing literature and directions for future research. Journal of Accounting Literature, 23, 194.
- Hair Junior, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage.
- Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1-2), 1-12.
- Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195-204.
- Internal Audit Agency Act (IAAA) 2003 (Act 658).
- Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) Professional Guidance. (2002). Recommendation for improving corporate governance, Internal Auditor, 59 (3), p. 68.
- Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2008). The Professional Practices Framework, Altamonte Spring, USA. http://www.theiia.org/guidance/standardsandguidance/ippf/standards/standardsitems.
- Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2009b). IIA position paper: The role of internal audit in enterprise-wide risk management. http://www.theiia.org/guidance/standardsandguidance/ippf/standards/standardsitems/index.cfm?i=8269.
- Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2009c). International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing. Altamonte Springs, FL: IIA.
- Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2017). International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing. Altamonte Springs, FL: IIA.
- Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2010). Measuring Internal Audit Effectiveness and Efficiency, Altamonte Springs, FL: The Institute of Internal Auditors.
- Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2013). International Professional Practices Framework (IPPF) 2013 Edition. Altamonte Springs, FL: The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation.
- Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2017), The International Professional Practices Framework, Institute of Internal Auditors, Altamonte Springs, FL.
- Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation (IIARF). (2013). The IIA's Global Internal Audit Competency Framework. Altamonte Springs: The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation.
- Johl, S. K., Kaur Johl, S., Subramaniam, N., & Cooper, B. (2013). Internal audit function, board quality and financial reporting quality: evidence from Malaysia. Managerial Auditing Journal, 28(9), 780-814.
- Kabuye, F., Nkundabanyanga, S. K., Opiso, J., & Nakabuye, Z. (2017). Internal audit organisational status, competencies, activities and fraud management in the financial services sector. Managerial Auditing Journal, 32(9), 924-944.
- Krogstad, J. L., Ridley, A. J., & Rittenberg, L. E. (1999). Where we're going. Internal auditor, 56(6), 27-27.
- Leung, P., & Cooper, B. J. (2009). Internal audit–an Asia‐Pacific profile and the level of compliance with Internal Auditing Standards. Managerial Auditing Journal, 24(9), 861886.
- Lowensohn, S., Johnson, L. E., Elder, R. J., & Davies, S. P. (2007). Auditor specialization, perceived audit quality, and audit fees in the local government audit market. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 26(6), 705-732.
- Marais, M, Burnaby, P. A., Hass, S, Sadler, E. & Fourie, H. (2009). Usage of internal auditing standards and internal auditing activities in South Africa and all respondents. Managerial Auditing Journal, 24(9), 883-898.
- Mihret, D. G., & Grant, B. (2017). The role of internal auditing in corporate governance: a Foucauldian analysis. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 30(3), 699-719.
- Mihret, D. G., & Yismaw, A. W. (2007). Internal audit effectiveness: an Ethiopian public sector case study. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(5), 470-484
- Mihret, D. G., James, K., & Mula, J. M. (2010). Antecedents and organisational performance implications of internal audit effectiveness: some propositions and research agenda. Pacific Accounting Review, 22(3), 224-252.
- Miller, P., & Napier, C. (1993). Genealogies of calculation. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 18(7-8), 631-647.
- Mutchler, J. F. (2003). Independence and objectivity: a framework for research opportunities in internal auditing. Research Opportunities in Internal Auditing, 231-268.
- Norman, C. S., Rose, A. M., & Rose, J. M. (2010). Internal audit reporting lines, fraud risk decomposition, and assessments of fraud risk. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(5), 546-557.
- Onumah, J.M. and Yao Krah, R. (2012). Barriers and catalysts to effective internal audit in the Ghanaian public sector. In V.Tauringana, & M. Mangena (Eds.), Accounting in Africa: Research in accounting in emerging economies, 12 A (pp. 177-207). Emerald. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3563(2012)000012A012
- Plumlee, R. D. (1985). The standard of objectivity for internal auditors: Memory and bias effects. Journal of Accounting Research, 23(2), 683-699.
- Reilly, S. P., Smither, J. W., Warech, M. A., & Reilly, R. R. (1998). The influence of indirect knowledge of previous performance on ratings of present performance: The effects of job familiarity and rater training. Journal of Business and Psychology, 12(4), 421-435.
- Ridley, J., & D’Silva, K. (1997). Perceptions of internal audit value. IIA-UK Internal Auditing Journal, 12-14.
- Roth, J. (2000). Best practices: value-added approaches of four innovative auditing departments. The IIA Research Foundation.
- Roth, J. (2003). How do internal auditors add value? Internal Auditor, 60(1), 33-37.
- Sadler, E., Marais, M., & Fourie, H. (2008). Internal auditors’ compliance with the IIA Standards: a worldwide perspective. Meditari Accountancy Research, 16(2), 123-138.
- Sarens, G., Abdolmohammadi, M. J., & Lenz, R. (2012). Factors associated with the internal audit function's role in corporate governance. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 13(2), 191-204.
- Simpson, S.N.Y., Aboagye-Otchere, F. and Lovi, R. (2016). Internal auditing and assurance of corporate social responsibility reports and disclosures: Perspectives of some internal auditors in Ghana. Social Responsibility Journal, 12 (4), pp. 706-718. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-09-2015-0134
- Stewart, J., & Subramaniam, N. (2010). Internal audit independence and objectivity: emerging research opportunities. Managerial auditing journal, 25(4), 328-360.
- Stone, M. (1974). Cross-validation and multinomial prediction. Biometrika, 61(3), 509-515.
- Subramaniam, N., Carey, P., de Zwaan, L., & Stewart, J. (2011). Internal audit involvement in enterprise risk management. Managerial auditing journal, 26(7), 586-604.
- Sumer, H. C., & Knight, P. A. (1996). Assimilation and contrast effects in performance ratings: Effects of rating the previous performance on rating subsequent performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 436.
- Tackie, G., Marfo-Yiadom, E., & Achina, S.O. (2016). Determinants of internal audit effectiveness in decentralized local government administrative systems. International Journal of Business and Management, 11(11), pp. 184-195.
- Tang, F., Yang, L., & Gan, H. (2017). Internal auditors’ reputation and managers’ reliance decision. Managerial Auditing Journal, 32(8), 768-787.
- Ulvi, M. (2015). The value of QAIP: Fannie Mae's quality program demonstrates the effectiveness of its internal audit operations in meeting stakeholder expectations. Internal Auditor, 72(5), 33-38.
- Van Peursem, K. (2004). Internal auditors’ role and authority. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(3), 378-393
- Vandenbosch, M. B. (1996). Confirmatory compositional approaches to the development of product spaces. European Journal of Marketing, 30, 23–46.
References
Abbott, L. J., Daugherty, B., Parker, S., & Peters, G. F. (2016). Internal audit quality and financial reporting quality: The joint importance of independence and competence. Journal of Accounting Research, 54(1), 3-40.
Abdolmohammadi, M. J. (2009). Factors Associated with the Use of and Compliance with the IIA Standards: A Study of Anglo‐culture CAEs. International Journal of Auditing, 13(1), 2742.
Abdolmohammadi, M. J., & Sarens, G. (2009, January 11). Cultural dimension as an explanatory variable in use and compliance with internal auditing standards in nineteen countries. CAAA Annual Conference. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1326071
Abdolmohammadi, M. J., & Sarens, G. (2011). An investigation of the association between cultural dimensions and variations in perceived use of and compliance with internal auditing standards in 19 countries. The International Journal of Accounting, 46(4), 365389.
Ahmad, Z. & Taylor, D. (2009). Commitment to independence by internal auditors: the effects of role ambiguity and role conflict, Managerial Auditing Journal, 24(9) 899-925.
Aikins, S. K. (2013). Government internal audits: The determinants of quality supervisory review of audit documentation. International Journal of Public Administration, 36(10), 673-685.
Al-Twaijry, A. A., Brierley, J. A., & Gwilliam, D. R. (2003). The development of internal audit in Saudi Arabia: an institutional theory perspective. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 14(5), 507-531.
Alzeban, A., & Sawan, N. (2015). The impact of audit committee characteristics on the implementation of internal audit recommendations. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 24, 61-71.
Asairy, S. M. (1993). Evaluating the extent of effectiveness of internal auditing: an applied study on Saudi joint stock companies. Unpublished MSc dissertation, King Abdul-Aziz University.
Asiedu, K.F., & Deffor, E.W. (2017). Fighting corruption by means of effective internal audit function: Evidence from the Ghanaian public sector. International Journal of Auditing, 21(1), 82-99.
Bagozzi, R. P. (1994). Structural equation models in marketing research: Basic principles. In Bagozzi (Ed.), Principles of marketing research. Blackwell Business.
Bou‐Raad, G. (2000). Internal auditors and a value‐added approach: the new business regime. Managerial Auditing Journal, 15(4), 182-186
Brierley, J. A., El‐Nafabi, H. M., & Gwilliam, D. R. (2001). The problems of establishing internal audit in the Sudanese public sector. International Journal of Auditing, 5(1), 73-87.
Brown, P. R. (1983). Independent auditor judgment in the evaluation of internal audit functions. Journal of Accounting Research, 21(2), 444-455.
Burnaby, P. A., Abdolmohammadi, Hass, S., Sarens, G, & Allegrini, M. (2009). Usage of internal auditing standards by companies in the United States and select European countries. Managerial Auditing Journal, 24(9), 835-860.
Burton, F. G., Emett, S. A., Simon, C. A., & Wood, D. A. (2012). Corporate managers' reliance on internal auditor recommendations. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 31(2), 151166.
Butcher, K., Harrison, G., & Ross, P. (2013). Perceptions of audit service quality and auditor retention. International Journal of Auditing, 17(1), 54-74.
Chambers, A. D., & Odar, M. (2015). A new vision for internal audit. Managerial Auditing Journal, 30(1), 34-55.
Chambers, A.D., Selim, G.M. and Vinten, G. (1987), International Auditing, ELBS.
Christopher, J., Sarens, G., & Leung, P. (2009). A critical analysis of the independence of the internal audit function: evidence from Australia. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 22(2), 200-220.
Clemmons, D. (2007). Benchmarking performance: survey findings reveal auditors' experiences with external quality assessments. Internal Auditor, 64(6), 76-78.
Cohen, A., & Sayag, G. (2010). The effectiveness of internal auditing: an empirical examination of its determinants in Israeli organisations. Australian Accounting Review, 20(3), 296-307.
D'Onza, G., & Sarens, G. (2018). Factors that enhance the quality of the relationships between internal auditors and auditees: Evidence from Italian companies. International Journal of Auditing, 22(1), 1-12.
D'Onza, G., Selim, G. M., Melville, R., & Allegrini, M. (2015). A study on internal auditor perceptions of the function ability to add value. International Journal of Auditing, 19(3), 182-194.
Dain, N., & Rahmat, M. M. (2017). Factors influencing public sector auditees on implementing audit recommendations. Jurnal Pengurusan (UKM Journal of Management), 51.
Erasmus, L. J., Steyn, B., Fourie, H., & Coetzee, G. P. (2013). The adequacy, use and compliance with internal auditing standards:South African perceptions in comparison with other specific regions. Southern African Journal of Accountability and Auditing Research, 15(1), 43-52.
Eulerich, M., Kremin, J., & Wood, D. A. (2019). Factors that influence the perceived use of the internal audit function's work by executive management and audit committee. Advances in Accounting, 45, 100410.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effect model. Biometrika, 61(1), 101-107.
Goodwin, J., & Yeo, T. Y. (2001). Two factors affecting internal audit independence and objectivity: Evidence from Singapore. International Journal of Auditing, 5(2), 107-125.
Gramling, A. A., Maletta, M. J., Schneider, A., & Church, B. K. (2004). The role of the internal audit function in corporate governance: A synthesis of the extant internal auditing literature and directions for future research. Journal of Accounting Literature, 23, 194.
Hair Junior, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1-2), 1-12.
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195-204.
Internal Audit Agency Act (IAAA) 2003 (Act 658).
Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) Professional Guidance. (2002). Recommendation for improving corporate governance, Internal Auditor, 59 (3), p. 68.
Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2008). The Professional Practices Framework, Altamonte Spring, USA. http://www.theiia.org/guidance/standardsandguidance/ippf/standards/standardsitems.
Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2009b). IIA position paper: The role of internal audit in enterprise-wide risk management. http://www.theiia.org/guidance/standardsandguidance/ippf/standards/standardsitems/index.cfm?i=8269.
Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2009c). International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing. Altamonte Springs, FL: IIA.
Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2017). International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing. Altamonte Springs, FL: IIA.
Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2010). Measuring Internal Audit Effectiveness and Efficiency, Altamonte Springs, FL: The Institute of Internal Auditors.
Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2013). International Professional Practices Framework (IPPF) 2013 Edition. Altamonte Springs, FL: The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation.
Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2017), The International Professional Practices Framework, Institute of Internal Auditors, Altamonte Springs, FL.
Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation (IIARF). (2013). The IIA's Global Internal Audit Competency Framework. Altamonte Springs: The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation.
Johl, S. K., Kaur Johl, S., Subramaniam, N., & Cooper, B. (2013). Internal audit function, board quality and financial reporting quality: evidence from Malaysia. Managerial Auditing Journal, 28(9), 780-814.
Kabuye, F., Nkundabanyanga, S. K., Opiso, J., & Nakabuye, Z. (2017). Internal audit organisational status, competencies, activities and fraud management in the financial services sector. Managerial Auditing Journal, 32(9), 924-944.
Krogstad, J. L., Ridley, A. J., & Rittenberg, L. E. (1999). Where we're going. Internal auditor, 56(6), 27-27.
Leung, P., & Cooper, B. J. (2009). Internal audit–an Asia‐Pacific profile and the level of compliance with Internal Auditing Standards. Managerial Auditing Journal, 24(9), 861886.
Lowensohn, S., Johnson, L. E., Elder, R. J., & Davies, S. P. (2007). Auditor specialization, perceived audit quality, and audit fees in the local government audit market. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 26(6), 705-732.
Marais, M, Burnaby, P. A., Hass, S, Sadler, E. & Fourie, H. (2009). Usage of internal auditing standards and internal auditing activities in South Africa and all respondents. Managerial Auditing Journal, 24(9), 883-898.
Mihret, D. G., & Grant, B. (2017). The role of internal auditing in corporate governance: a Foucauldian analysis. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 30(3), 699-719.
Mihret, D. G., & Yismaw, A. W. (2007). Internal audit effectiveness: an Ethiopian public sector case study. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(5), 470-484
Mihret, D. G., James, K., & Mula, J. M. (2010). Antecedents and organisational performance implications of internal audit effectiveness: some propositions and research agenda. Pacific Accounting Review, 22(3), 224-252.
Miller, P., & Napier, C. (1993). Genealogies of calculation. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 18(7-8), 631-647.
Mutchler, J. F. (2003). Independence and objectivity: a framework for research opportunities in internal auditing. Research Opportunities in Internal Auditing, 231-268.
Norman, C. S., Rose, A. M., & Rose, J. M. (2010). Internal audit reporting lines, fraud risk decomposition, and assessments of fraud risk. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(5), 546-557.
Onumah, J.M. and Yao Krah, R. (2012). Barriers and catalysts to effective internal audit in the Ghanaian public sector. In V.Tauringana, & M. Mangena (Eds.), Accounting in Africa: Research in accounting in emerging economies, 12 A (pp. 177-207). Emerald. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3563(2012)000012A012
Plumlee, R. D. (1985). The standard of objectivity for internal auditors: Memory and bias effects. Journal of Accounting Research, 23(2), 683-699.
Reilly, S. P., Smither, J. W., Warech, M. A., & Reilly, R. R. (1998). The influence of indirect knowledge of previous performance on ratings of present performance: The effects of job familiarity and rater training. Journal of Business and Psychology, 12(4), 421-435.
Ridley, J., & D’Silva, K. (1997). Perceptions of internal audit value. IIA-UK Internal Auditing Journal, 12-14.
Roth, J. (2000). Best practices: value-added approaches of four innovative auditing departments. The IIA Research Foundation.
Roth, J. (2003). How do internal auditors add value? Internal Auditor, 60(1), 33-37.
Sadler, E., Marais, M., & Fourie, H. (2008). Internal auditors’ compliance with the IIA Standards: a worldwide perspective. Meditari Accountancy Research, 16(2), 123-138.
Sarens, G., Abdolmohammadi, M. J., & Lenz, R. (2012). Factors associated with the internal audit function's role in corporate governance. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 13(2), 191-204.
Simpson, S.N.Y., Aboagye-Otchere, F. and Lovi, R. (2016). Internal auditing and assurance of corporate social responsibility reports and disclosures: Perspectives of some internal auditors in Ghana. Social Responsibility Journal, 12 (4), pp. 706-718. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-09-2015-0134
Stewart, J., & Subramaniam, N. (2010). Internal audit independence and objectivity: emerging research opportunities. Managerial auditing journal, 25(4), 328-360.
Stone, M. (1974). Cross-validation and multinomial prediction. Biometrika, 61(3), 509-515.
Subramaniam, N., Carey, P., de Zwaan, L., & Stewart, J. (2011). Internal audit involvement in enterprise risk management. Managerial auditing journal, 26(7), 586-604.
Sumer, H. C., & Knight, P. A. (1996). Assimilation and contrast effects in performance ratings: Effects of rating the previous performance on rating subsequent performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 436.
Tackie, G., Marfo-Yiadom, E., & Achina, S.O. (2016). Determinants of internal audit effectiveness in decentralized local government administrative systems. International Journal of Business and Management, 11(11), pp. 184-195.
Tang, F., Yang, L., & Gan, H. (2017). Internal auditors’ reputation and managers’ reliance decision. Managerial Auditing Journal, 32(8), 768-787.
Ulvi, M. (2015). The value of QAIP: Fannie Mae's quality program demonstrates the effectiveness of its internal audit operations in meeting stakeholder expectations. Internal Auditor, 72(5), 33-38.
Van Peursem, K. (2004). Internal auditors’ role and authority. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(3), 378-393
Vandenbosch, M. B. (1996). Confirmatory compositional approaches to the development of product spaces. European Journal of Marketing, 30, 23–46.