Main Article Content
Abstract
To successfully teach in a technologically advanced environment, an online instructor needs a wide abilities and competencies. This descriptive correlational study aimed to establish the extent to which faculty integrated technology in content development for effective online teaching in private universities in Kenya, with a focus on the United States International University -Africa. One hundred faculty from four schools responded to the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and linear regression analyses were used for data analysis. The results indicated that the faculty integrated different technologies in content development for online classes. For example, 85 % of the respondents integrated online course orientation (M = 4.3, SD= 0.855), and 86 % integrated eBooks/textbooks (M=4.2, SD=0.92). Only 42% of the respondents integrated personal generated videos (M=3.4, SD=1.42). A statistically significant linear relationship was found between integration of technology and effective online teaching . Integration of technology in content development accounted for approximately 17% of the variability in effective online teaching and had a statistically significant positive effect on effective online teaching (R2 = .165, β = .232, t(98) = 4.408, p < 0.05).
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Abdi, Y. M., Waititu, M. M., Mugo, B. C. (2021). Challenges facing teachers’ integration of information communication and technology in teaching and learning of welding and fabrication at the vocational training centers in Mandera County. International Academic Journal of Information Systems and Technology, 2(1), 297-310.
- Adi Badiozaman, I. F., Segar, A. R., & Iah, D. (2022). Examining faculty's online teaching competence during crisis: One semester on. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 14(2),541-555.
- Al-Samarraie, H., and Saeed, N. (2018). A systematic review of cloud computing tools for collaborative learning: Opportunities and challenges to the blended-learning environment. Computers & Education 124, 77–91.
- Amuko S., Miheso M., Ndeuthi S. (2015). Opportunities and challenges: Integration of ICT in teaching and learning mathematics in secondary schools, Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice,6(24), 1-7.
- Archambault, L. (2011). The practitioner’s perspective on teacher education: Preparing for the K-12 online classroom. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education 19 (1), 73-91.
- Asad, M. M., Hussain, N., Wadho, M., Khand, H. Z., & Churi, P. P. (2021). Integration of e-learning technologies for interactive teaching and learning process: An empirical study on higher education institutes of Pakistan. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 13(3), 649-663.
- Basri, S., W., Alandejani, A., J.,and Feras M. Almadani M., F.(2018). ICT adoption impact on students’ academic performance: Evidence from Saudi Universities. Education Research International, 2018, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1240197.
- Buzzetto-More, N. A. (2014). An examination of undergraduate student’s perceptions and predilections of the use of YouTube in the teaching and learning process. Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects, 10, 17-32.
- Cone, L., Brøgger, K., Berghmans, M., Decuypere, M., Förschler, A., Grimaldi, E., Hartong, S., Hillman, T., Ideland, M. (2022). Pandemic acceleration: Covid-19 and the emergency digitalization of European education. European Educational Research Journal, 21(5) 845–868. https://doi.org/10.1177/14749041211041793.
- D'Aquila, J. M., Wange, D., & Mattia, A. (2019). Are instructor generated YouTube videos effective in accounting classes? A study of student performance, engagement, motivation, and perception. Journal of Accounting Education, 47. 63-74.
- Draus, P. J., Curran, M. J., & Trempus, M. S. (2014). The influence of instructor-generated video content on student satisfaction with and engagement in asynchronous online classes. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 10(2), 240-254.
- Nisiforou, E.A., Kosmas, P., & Vrasidas C. (2021). Emergency remote teaching during COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned from Cyprus. Educational Media International, 58(2), 215-221.
- Ercan, I., Yazici, B., Sigirli, D., Ediz, B., & Kan, I. (2007). Examining Cronbach alpha, theta, omega reliability coefficients according to sample size. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 6(1), 291-303.
- Farid, S., Ahmad, R., Niaz, I. A., Arif, M., Shamshirband, S., and Khattak, M. D. (2015). Identification and prioritization of critical issues for the promotion of e-learning in Pakistan. Computers in Human Behavior,51, 161–171.
- Fincham, E.J. (2008). Response rates and responsiveness for surveys, standards and the journal. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(2) 43-49.
- Florida Center for Instructional Technology. (2019). The technology integration matrix. https://fcit.usf.edu/matrix/matrix/
- Ghavifekr, S., & Rosdy, W. A. W. (2015). Teaching and learning with technology: Effectiveness of ICT integration in schools. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 1(2), 175-191.
- Ghavifekr, S., Kunjappan, T., Ramasamy, L., Annreetha A. (2016). Teaching and learning with ICT tools: Issues and challenges from teachers’ perceptions. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology. 4(2), 38-58
- Haleem, A., Javaid,M., Asim, Q. M., , Rajiv Suman, R. (2022).Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 275-285.
- Hamilton, E. R., Rosenberg, J. M., & Akcaoglu, M. (2016). The substitution augmentation modification redefinition (SAMR) model: A critical review and suggestions for its use. Tech Trends, 60 (5), 433-441.
- Hanafi, F.H., Said, S. C., Wahab, H. M., and Samsuddin, K. (2017). Improving students’ motivation in learning ICT course with the use of a mobile augmented reality learning environment. IOP. Con. Series Material Science Engineering 226, 1-10.
- Harmes, J. C., Welsh L. J., & Winkelman, J. R. (2016) .A framework for defining and evaluating technology integration in the instruction of real-world skills. In Handbook of Research on Technology Tools for Real-World Skill Development (pp. 137-162). IGI Global Publishers.
- Hegeman, J. S., (2015). Using instructor-generated video lectures in online mathematics courses improves student learning. Online Learning, 19(3)70-87.
- Hughes, J., Thomas, R., & Scharber, C. (2006). Assessing Technology Integration: The RAT – replacement, amplification, and transformation - framework. In C. Crawford, R. Carlsen, K. McFerrin, J. Price, R. Weber & D. Willis (Eds.). Proceedings of SITE 2006--Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. (pp. 1616-1620). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
- Hulin, C., Netemeyer, R., and Cudeck, R. (2001). Can a reliability coefficient be too high? Journal of Consumer Psychology, 42(1), 55-58.
- Ifinedo, E., Rikala, J., and Hämäläinen, T. (2020). Factors affecting Nigerian teacher educators’ technology integration: Considering characteristics, knowledge constructs, ICT practices and beliefs. Computer Education. 146(1), 103760- 1037605.
- Kaware, S.,S. & Sain, K.,S. (2015). ICT Application in Education: An overview. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach and Studies, 2(1) 25-31.
- Kimmons, R., Hall, C. (2018). How useful are our models? Pre-service and practicing teacher evaluations of technology integration models. TechTrends, 62, 29–36.
- Kimmons, R., Graham, C. R., & West, R. E. (2020). The PICRAT model for technology integration in teacher preparation. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 20(1), 176-198.
- Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2009). What is technological pedagogical content knowledge? Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1), 60-70.
- Koehler, M., & Mishra, P. (2008). Introducing technological pedagogical content knowledge. Teachers College Record, 1-14. https://one2oneheights.pbworks.com/f/MISHRA_PUNYA.pdf
- König, J., Jäger-Biela, D. J., & Glutsch, N. (2020). Adapting to online teaching during Covid-19 school closure: Teacher education and teacher competence effects among early career teachers in Germany. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 608-622. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1809650
- Marcovitz, D. & Janiszewski, N. (2016). Technology, models, and 21st-century learning: How models, standards, and theories make learning powerful. In G. Chamblee & L. Langub (Eds.). Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 721-726). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
- Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017-1054.
- Moflih, M. (2016). Research methods review in the knowledge management(km) and total quality management(TQM) studies. International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, 29 (3), 87-101.
- Mohammed Ruman, Prakasha G. S., (2017). Application of technology integration matrix (TIM) in teaching and learning of secondary school science subjects. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22(12), ver. 9, 24-26.
- Muianga, X., Klomsri, T., Tedre, M., & Mutimucuio, I. (2018). From teacher oriented to student centered learning: Developing an ICT supported learning approach at the Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 17(2) 46-54.
- Mulyati, T. (2019). Teachers’ reflection: does the instructional technology implementation transform learning? Ethical Lingua: Journal of Language Teaching and Literature, 6(1), 1-12.
- Nakaznyi, M., Sorokina, L, Romaniukha, M. (2015). ICT in higher education teaching: advantages, problems, and motives. International Journal of Research in E-learning, 1, 49-61.
- Osman, M. E. (2020). Global impact of COVID-19 on education systems: the emergency remote teaching at Sultan Qaboos University. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 463-471.
- Otieno, M. A, Ochieng J. A. (2020). Perception of teachers on effectiveness of online learning in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 25(6) 19-28.
- Palvia, S., Aeron, P., Gupta, P., Mahapatra, D., Parida, R., Rosner, R., & Sindhi, S. (2018). Online education: Worldwide status, challenges, trends, and implications. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 21(4), 233-241.
- Pavel, Adina-Petruta, Fruth, A., & Neacsu, Monica-Nicoleta. (2015). ICT and e-learning – catalysts for innovation and quality in higher education. Procedia Economics And Finance. 23, 704-711.
- Puentedura, R. (2015). SAMR: A brief introduction. http://hippasus.com/rrpweblog/archives/2015/10/SAMR_ABriefIntro.pdf
- Rahmadi, I. F., Hayati, E., & Nursyifa, A. (2020). Comparing pre-service civic education teachers’ TPACK confidence across course modes. Research in Social Sciences and Technology, 5(2), 113–133. https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.05.02.7.
- Rice, K., & Dawley, L. (2009). The status of professional development for k-12 online teachers: Insights and Implications. 17(4), 523-545.
- Santos, J. M., & Castro, R. D. R. (2021). Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in action: Application of learning in the classroom by pre-service teachers (PST). Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3 (1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100110.
- Spiteri, M., Chang Rundgren, SN. (2020). Literature review on the factors affecting primary teachers’ use of digital technology.Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 25, 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-018-9376-x
- Tandika, P. B., & Ndijuye, L.G. (2019). Integration of the use of ICT in pre-primary classroom pedagogical practices in Tanzania: Stakeholders’ views & practices. Journal of Information & Learning Sciences, 59(4), 35-59.
- Willermark, S. (2018). Technological pedagogical and content knowledge: A review of empirical studies published from 2011 to 2016. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 56(3), 315-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633117713114
- Yamane, Taro (1967). Statistics: An introductory analysis (2nd ed.). Harper and Row.
- Yilmaz, R. (2017). Exploring the role of e-learning readiness on student satisfaction and motivation in flipped classroom. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.085.
- Xu, Z., Yuan, H., & Liu, Q. (2021). Student performance prediction based on blended learning. IEEE Transactions on Education. 64, 66–73. doi:10.1109/TE.2020.3008751.
References
Abdi, Y. M., Waititu, M. M., Mugo, B. C. (2021). Challenges facing teachers’ integration of information communication and technology in teaching and learning of welding and fabrication at the vocational training centers in Mandera County. International Academic Journal of Information Systems and Technology, 2(1), 297-310.
Adi Badiozaman, I. F., Segar, A. R., & Iah, D. (2022). Examining faculty's online teaching competence during crisis: One semester on. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 14(2),541-555.
Al-Samarraie, H., and Saeed, N. (2018). A systematic review of cloud computing tools for collaborative learning: Opportunities and challenges to the blended-learning environment. Computers & Education 124, 77–91.
Amuko S., Miheso M., Ndeuthi S. (2015). Opportunities and challenges: Integration of ICT in teaching and learning mathematics in secondary schools, Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice,6(24), 1-7.
Archambault, L. (2011). The practitioner’s perspective on teacher education: Preparing for the K-12 online classroom. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education 19 (1), 73-91.
Asad, M. M., Hussain, N., Wadho, M., Khand, H. Z., & Churi, P. P. (2021). Integration of e-learning technologies for interactive teaching and learning process: An empirical study on higher education institutes of Pakistan. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 13(3), 649-663.
Basri, S., W., Alandejani, A., J.,and Feras M. Almadani M., F.(2018). ICT adoption impact on students’ academic performance: Evidence from Saudi Universities. Education Research International, 2018, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1240197.
Buzzetto-More, N. A. (2014). An examination of undergraduate student’s perceptions and predilections of the use of YouTube in the teaching and learning process. Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects, 10, 17-32.
Cone, L., Brøgger, K., Berghmans, M., Decuypere, M., Förschler, A., Grimaldi, E., Hartong, S., Hillman, T., Ideland, M. (2022). Pandemic acceleration: Covid-19 and the emergency digitalization of European education. European Educational Research Journal, 21(5) 845–868. https://doi.org/10.1177/14749041211041793.
D'Aquila, J. M., Wange, D., & Mattia, A. (2019). Are instructor generated YouTube videos effective in accounting classes? A study of student performance, engagement, motivation, and perception. Journal of Accounting Education, 47. 63-74.
Draus, P. J., Curran, M. J., & Trempus, M. S. (2014). The influence of instructor-generated video content on student satisfaction with and engagement in asynchronous online classes. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 10(2), 240-254.
Nisiforou, E.A., Kosmas, P., & Vrasidas C. (2021). Emergency remote teaching during COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned from Cyprus. Educational Media International, 58(2), 215-221.
Ercan, I., Yazici, B., Sigirli, D., Ediz, B., & Kan, I. (2007). Examining Cronbach alpha, theta, omega reliability coefficients according to sample size. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 6(1), 291-303.
Farid, S., Ahmad, R., Niaz, I. A., Arif, M., Shamshirband, S., and Khattak, M. D. (2015). Identification and prioritization of critical issues for the promotion of e-learning in Pakistan. Computers in Human Behavior,51, 161–171.
Fincham, E.J. (2008). Response rates and responsiveness for surveys, standards and the journal. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(2) 43-49.
Florida Center for Instructional Technology. (2019). The technology integration matrix. https://fcit.usf.edu/matrix/matrix/
Ghavifekr, S., & Rosdy, W. A. W. (2015). Teaching and learning with technology: Effectiveness of ICT integration in schools. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 1(2), 175-191.
Ghavifekr, S., Kunjappan, T., Ramasamy, L., Annreetha A. (2016). Teaching and learning with ICT tools: Issues and challenges from teachers’ perceptions. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology. 4(2), 38-58
Haleem, A., Javaid,M., Asim, Q. M., , Rajiv Suman, R. (2022).Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 275-285.
Hamilton, E. R., Rosenberg, J. M., & Akcaoglu, M. (2016). The substitution augmentation modification redefinition (SAMR) model: A critical review and suggestions for its use. Tech Trends, 60 (5), 433-441.
Hanafi, F.H., Said, S. C., Wahab, H. M., and Samsuddin, K. (2017). Improving students’ motivation in learning ICT course with the use of a mobile augmented reality learning environment. IOP. Con. Series Material Science Engineering 226, 1-10.
Harmes, J. C., Welsh L. J., & Winkelman, J. R. (2016) .A framework for defining and evaluating technology integration in the instruction of real-world skills. In Handbook of Research on Technology Tools for Real-World Skill Development (pp. 137-162). IGI Global Publishers.
Hegeman, J. S., (2015). Using instructor-generated video lectures in online mathematics courses improves student learning. Online Learning, 19(3)70-87.
Hughes, J., Thomas, R., & Scharber, C. (2006). Assessing Technology Integration: The RAT – replacement, amplification, and transformation - framework. In C. Crawford, R. Carlsen, K. McFerrin, J. Price, R. Weber & D. Willis (Eds.). Proceedings of SITE 2006--Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. (pp. 1616-1620). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Hulin, C., Netemeyer, R., and Cudeck, R. (2001). Can a reliability coefficient be too high? Journal of Consumer Psychology, 42(1), 55-58.
Ifinedo, E., Rikala, J., and Hämäläinen, T. (2020). Factors affecting Nigerian teacher educators’ technology integration: Considering characteristics, knowledge constructs, ICT practices and beliefs. Computer Education. 146(1), 103760- 1037605.
Kaware, S.,S. & Sain, K.,S. (2015). ICT Application in Education: An overview. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach and Studies, 2(1) 25-31.
Kimmons, R., Hall, C. (2018). How useful are our models? Pre-service and practicing teacher evaluations of technology integration models. TechTrends, 62, 29–36.
Kimmons, R., Graham, C. R., & West, R. E. (2020). The PICRAT model for technology integration in teacher preparation. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 20(1), 176-198.
Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2009). What is technological pedagogical content knowledge? Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1), 60-70.
Koehler, M., & Mishra, P. (2008). Introducing technological pedagogical content knowledge. Teachers College Record, 1-14. https://one2oneheights.pbworks.com/f/MISHRA_PUNYA.pdf
König, J., Jäger-Biela, D. J., & Glutsch, N. (2020). Adapting to online teaching during Covid-19 school closure: Teacher education and teacher competence effects among early career teachers in Germany. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 608-622. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1809650
Marcovitz, D. & Janiszewski, N. (2016). Technology, models, and 21st-century learning: How models, standards, and theories make learning powerful. In G. Chamblee & L. Langub (Eds.). Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 721-726). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017-1054.
Moflih, M. (2016). Research methods review in the knowledge management(km) and total quality management(TQM) studies. International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, 29 (3), 87-101.
Mohammed Ruman, Prakasha G. S., (2017). Application of technology integration matrix (TIM) in teaching and learning of secondary school science subjects. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22(12), ver. 9, 24-26.
Muianga, X., Klomsri, T., Tedre, M., & Mutimucuio, I. (2018). From teacher oriented to student centered learning: Developing an ICT supported learning approach at the Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 17(2) 46-54.
Mulyati, T. (2019). Teachers’ reflection: does the instructional technology implementation transform learning? Ethical Lingua: Journal of Language Teaching and Literature, 6(1), 1-12.
Nakaznyi, M., Sorokina, L, Romaniukha, M. (2015). ICT in higher education teaching: advantages, problems, and motives. International Journal of Research in E-learning, 1, 49-61.
Osman, M. E. (2020). Global impact of COVID-19 on education systems: the emergency remote teaching at Sultan Qaboos University. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 463-471.
Otieno, M. A, Ochieng J. A. (2020). Perception of teachers on effectiveness of online learning in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 25(6) 19-28.
Palvia, S., Aeron, P., Gupta, P., Mahapatra, D., Parida, R., Rosner, R., & Sindhi, S. (2018). Online education: Worldwide status, challenges, trends, and implications. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 21(4), 233-241.
Pavel, Adina-Petruta, Fruth, A., & Neacsu, Monica-Nicoleta. (2015). ICT and e-learning – catalysts for innovation and quality in higher education. Procedia Economics And Finance. 23, 704-711.
Puentedura, R. (2015). SAMR: A brief introduction. http://hippasus.com/rrpweblog/archives/2015/10/SAMR_ABriefIntro.pdf
Rahmadi, I. F., Hayati, E., & Nursyifa, A. (2020). Comparing pre-service civic education teachers’ TPACK confidence across course modes. Research in Social Sciences and Technology, 5(2), 113–133. https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.05.02.7.
Rice, K., & Dawley, L. (2009). The status of professional development for k-12 online teachers: Insights and Implications. 17(4), 523-545.
Santos, J. M., & Castro, R. D. R. (2021). Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in action: Application of learning in the classroom by pre-service teachers (PST). Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3 (1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100110.
Spiteri, M., Chang Rundgren, SN. (2020). Literature review on the factors affecting primary teachers’ use of digital technology.Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 25, 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-018-9376-x
Tandika, P. B., & Ndijuye, L.G. (2019). Integration of the use of ICT in pre-primary classroom pedagogical practices in Tanzania: Stakeholders’ views & practices. Journal of Information & Learning Sciences, 59(4), 35-59.
Willermark, S. (2018). Technological pedagogical and content knowledge: A review of empirical studies published from 2011 to 2016. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 56(3), 315-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633117713114
Yamane, Taro (1967). Statistics: An introductory analysis (2nd ed.). Harper and Row.
Yilmaz, R. (2017). Exploring the role of e-learning readiness on student satisfaction and motivation in flipped classroom. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.085.
Xu, Z., Yuan, H., & Liu, Q. (2021). Student performance prediction based on blended learning. IEEE Transactions on Education. 64, 66–73. doi:10.1109/TE.2020.3008751.