Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition characterized by impulsivity, inattention, or hyperactivity that impairs functioning in at least two settings, typically at home and school. As a result, this study evaluated parents’ knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes toward children with ADHD.
Method: The study’s research design was a descriptive survey. The study used a sample size of 286 parents from Seventh-day Adventist churches in Lagos.
Results: Parents’ substantial knowledge of children with ADHD was established by the first research goal. According to the second research goal, respondents’ perceptions of their children with ADHD were unfavorable (AM=2.33, SD=0.98). The outcome of the third research objective (AM=2.39, SD=0.98) revealed that the respondents’ attitudes toward children with ADHD were unfavorable. The study found that although parents are aware of the challenges faced by children with ADHD, their attitudes and perceptions of these children remain unfavorable.
Conclusion: This study suggests that to help parents learn new techniques to support their children with ADHD and manage stress and frustration, they should join a support group or seek professional help from a therapist or social worker.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Alanazi, F., & Al Turki, Y. (2021). Knowledge and attitude of Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among male primary school teachers, in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 10(3), 1218–1226. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc 219420
- Arnold, L. E., Hodgkins, P., Kahle, J., Madhoo, M., & Kewley, G. (2023). Long-Term Outcomes of ADHD: Academic Achievement and Performance. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(1), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714566076
- Berger, I., Nevo, Y., Rubin, S., & Shmueli, D. (2021). Attitudes of parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder towards medication treatment: A qualitative study. Child: care, health and Development, 47(4), 609-617.
- Bhandari, S. (2023). ADHD in Children: When a Teacher Recognizes ADHD Symptoms. WedMD. https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/when-teacher-recognizes-adhd-symptoms.
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023). What is ADHD? National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (NCBDDD). https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/facts.html
- Chacko, A., Wymbs, F., & Wymbs, B. (2021). Parenting stress and social support among parents of children with ADHD: A review of the literature. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(5), 825-837.
- Chen M, Seipp CM, Johnston C. (2008). Mothers' and fathers' attributions and beliefs in families of girls and boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev;39(1):85–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-007-0073-
- Ching, C., Eslick, G. D., & Poulton, A. S. (2019). Evaluation of methylphenidate safety and maximum-dose titration rationale in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics,173(7), 630-639.
- Condo, J. S., Chan, E. S. M., & Kofler, M. J. (2022). Examining the effects of ADHD symptoms and parental involvement on children's academic achievement. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 122, 104156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104156
- Dekkers, T. J., Hornstra, R., van den Hoofdakker, B. J., de Jong, S. R. C., Schaaf, J. V., Bosmans, G., & van der Oord, S. (2021). Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Brain Sciences, 11(11), 1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111516
- d'Halluin, A., Costa, M., Morgiève, M., & Sebbane, D. (2023). Attitudes of children, adolescents, and their parents toward digital health interventions: Scoping review. Journal of medical Internet research, 25, e43102. https://doi.org/10.2196/43102
- Drechsler, R., Brem, S., Brandeis, D., Grünblatt, E., Berger, G., & Walitza, S. (2020). ADHD: Current Concepts and Treatments in Children and Adolescents. Neuropediatrics, 51(5), 315–335. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701658
- DuPaul, G. J., Volpe, R. J., Jitendra, A. K., Lutz, J. G., Lorah, K. S., & Gruber, D. J. (2021). Stigma and discrimination experienced by parents of children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(2), 266-273.
- Fan, X., Ma, Y., Cai, J., Zhu, G., Gao, W., Zhang, Y., Lin, N., Rao, Y., Mao, S., Li, R. (2022). Do parents of children with ADHD know the disease? Results from a cross-sectional survey in Zhejiang, China. Children; 9(11), 1775. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111775
- Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., . . . Wang, Y. (2021). The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022
- Faraone, S. V., Bonvicini, C., Scassellati, C., & Wang, S. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 217(6), 654-658.
- Gerdes, A. C., Kapke, T. L., Grace, M., & Castro, A. (2021). Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a culturally adapted evidence-based treatment for Latino youth with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(3), 432-447.
- Gómez-Benito, J., Van de Vijver, F. J., Balluerka, N., & Caterino, L. (2019). Cross-cultural and gender differences in ADHD among young adults. Journal of attention disorders, 23(1), 22-31.
- Kalaman, C. R., Ibrahim, N., Shaker, V., Cham, C. Q., Ho, M. C., Visvalingam, U., Shahabuddin, F. A., Abd Rahman, F. N., A Halim, M. R. T., Kaur, M., Azhar, F. L., Yahya, A. N., Sham, R., Siau, C. S., & Lee, K. W. (2023). Parental Factors Associated with Child or Adolescent Medication Adherence: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 11(4), 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11040501
- Karalunas, S. L., Joelsson, P., Fair, D. A., Nigg, J. T., & Li, J. J. (2021). Parental attitudes toward ADHD and associations with parent-child relationship quality. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 49(1), 91-104.
- Kramer, K. J., Davis, T. E., McNeil, C. B., & Brady, E. U. (2020). Parental knowledge and perceptions of ADHD: A comparison of children with and without ADHD. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(9), 2558-2567.
- Lawson, R. A., Papadopoulos, N. C., & Imeraj, L. (2021). Parenting style and child outcomes in ADHD: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(1), 8-20.
- Mohammed, M., Bella-Awusah, T., Adedokun, B., Lagunju, I., & Ani, C. (2023): Effectiveness of a training programme on the knowledge and perception of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among primary school teachers in Kano, Nigeria, International Journal of Mental Health. https://doi.org/0.1080/00207411.2023.2253397.
- National Institute of Mental Health (2023). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. https://www.nimh.nih.gov › health › topics › attention.
- National Institute of Mental Health (2021). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Teens: What You Need to Know. www.nimh.nih.gov
- Nazarova, V.A., Sokolov, A.V., Chubarev, V.N., Tarasov, V.V., & Schiöth, H.B. (2022). Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1066988
- Ogundele, M. O. (2018). Behavioural and emotional disorders in childhood: A brief or paediatricians. World Journal of clinical pediatrics, 7(1), 9–26. https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v7.i1.9
- Okyar, E., Bozatlı, L., Görker, I., & Okyar, S. (2023). Anxiety and Somatic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychiatry Journal, 5523312. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5523312
- Porter, P.L. (2020). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Social Work Practice in Suffolk, VA. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. ScholarWorks.
- Rajcumar, N.R., & Paruk, S. (2020). Knowledge and misconceptions of parents of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder at a hospital in South Africa. Official Journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care 62 (1):e1-e8. https://doi.org/10.4102/safp.v62i1.5124
- Rizzo, A., Mammarella, N., Giovagnoli, S., Carotenuto, M., & Esposito, M. (2021). Parental knowledge of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(3), 323-335.
- Salari, N., Ghasemi, H., Abdoli, N. et al. (2023). The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Italian Journal of Pediatrics 49, 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-023-01456-1
- Sedgwick-Müller, J. A., Müller-Sedgwick, U., Adamou, M., Catani, M., Champ, R., Gudjónsson, G., Hank, D., Pitts, M., Young, S., & Asherson, P. (2022). University students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A consensus statement from the UK Adult ADHD Network (UKAAN). BMC psychiatry, 22(1), 292. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03898-z
- Setiawati Y, Mukono HJ, Wahyuhadi J, Warsiki E. (2018). The relationship between severity of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with maternal anxiety. Health Notion;2(4):426–431.
- Vardar, G.,Urhan, S., & Alparslan, Z. N. (2019). Parental knowledge of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 32(1), 11-17.
- Wasington, M. & Villines Z. (2021). Why is ADHD awareness important? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/adhd-awareness
- Wilson, D.R., & Seymour, T. (2022). Three types of ADHD: What are the differences? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/adhd-awareness
References
Alanazi, F., & Al Turki, Y. (2021). Knowledge and attitude of Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among male primary school teachers, in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 10(3), 1218–1226. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc 219420
Arnold, L. E., Hodgkins, P., Kahle, J., Madhoo, M., & Kewley, G. (2023). Long-Term Outcomes of ADHD: Academic Achievement and Performance. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(1), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714566076
Berger, I., Nevo, Y., Rubin, S., & Shmueli, D. (2021). Attitudes of parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder towards medication treatment: A qualitative study. Child: care, health and Development, 47(4), 609-617.
Bhandari, S. (2023). ADHD in Children: When a Teacher Recognizes ADHD Symptoms. WedMD. https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/when-teacher-recognizes-adhd-symptoms.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023). What is ADHD? National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (NCBDDD). https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/facts.html
Chacko, A., Wymbs, F., & Wymbs, B. (2021). Parenting stress and social support among parents of children with ADHD: A review of the literature. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(5), 825-837.
Chen M, Seipp CM, Johnston C. (2008). Mothers' and fathers' attributions and beliefs in families of girls and boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev;39(1):85–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-007-0073-
Ching, C., Eslick, G. D., & Poulton, A. S. (2019). Evaluation of methylphenidate safety and maximum-dose titration rationale in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics,173(7), 630-639.
Condo, J. S., Chan, E. S. M., & Kofler, M. J. (2022). Examining the effects of ADHD symptoms and parental involvement on children's academic achievement. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 122, 104156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104156
Dekkers, T. J., Hornstra, R., van den Hoofdakker, B. J., de Jong, S. R. C., Schaaf, J. V., Bosmans, G., & van der Oord, S. (2021). Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Brain Sciences, 11(11), 1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111516
d'Halluin, A., Costa, M., Morgiève, M., & Sebbane, D. (2023). Attitudes of children, adolescents, and their parents toward digital health interventions: Scoping review. Journal of medical Internet research, 25, e43102. https://doi.org/10.2196/43102
Drechsler, R., Brem, S., Brandeis, D., Grünblatt, E., Berger, G., & Walitza, S. (2020). ADHD: Current Concepts and Treatments in Children and Adolescents. Neuropediatrics, 51(5), 315–335. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701658
DuPaul, G. J., Volpe, R. J., Jitendra, A. K., Lutz, J. G., Lorah, K. S., & Gruber, D. J. (2021). Stigma and discrimination experienced by parents of children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(2), 266-273.
Fan, X., Ma, Y., Cai, J., Zhu, G., Gao, W., Zhang, Y., Lin, N., Rao, Y., Mao, S., Li, R. (2022). Do parents of children with ADHD know the disease? Results from a cross-sectional survey in Zhejiang, China. Children; 9(11), 1775. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111775
Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., . . . Wang, Y. (2021). The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022
Faraone, S. V., Bonvicini, C., Scassellati, C., & Wang, S. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 217(6), 654-658.
Gerdes, A. C., Kapke, T. L., Grace, M., & Castro, A. (2021). Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a culturally adapted evidence-based treatment for Latino youth with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(3), 432-447.
Gómez-Benito, J., Van de Vijver, F. J., Balluerka, N., & Caterino, L. (2019). Cross-cultural and gender differences in ADHD among young adults. Journal of attention disorders, 23(1), 22-31.
Kalaman, C. R., Ibrahim, N., Shaker, V., Cham, C. Q., Ho, M. C., Visvalingam, U., Shahabuddin, F. A., Abd Rahman, F. N., A Halim, M. R. T., Kaur, M., Azhar, F. L., Yahya, A. N., Sham, R., Siau, C. S., & Lee, K. W. (2023). Parental Factors Associated with Child or Adolescent Medication Adherence: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 11(4), 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11040501
Karalunas, S. L., Joelsson, P., Fair, D. A., Nigg, J. T., & Li, J. J. (2021). Parental attitudes toward ADHD and associations with parent-child relationship quality. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 49(1), 91-104.
Kramer, K. J., Davis, T. E., McNeil, C. B., & Brady, E. U. (2020). Parental knowledge and perceptions of ADHD: A comparison of children with and without ADHD. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(9), 2558-2567.
Lawson, R. A., Papadopoulos, N. C., & Imeraj, L. (2021). Parenting style and child outcomes in ADHD: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(1), 8-20.
Mohammed, M., Bella-Awusah, T., Adedokun, B., Lagunju, I., & Ani, C. (2023): Effectiveness of a training programme on the knowledge and perception of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among primary school teachers in Kano, Nigeria, International Journal of Mental Health. https://doi.org/0.1080/00207411.2023.2253397.
National Institute of Mental Health (2023). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. https://www.nimh.nih.gov › health › topics › attention.
National Institute of Mental Health (2021). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Teens: What You Need to Know. www.nimh.nih.gov
Nazarova, V.A., Sokolov, A.V., Chubarev, V.N., Tarasov, V.V., & Schiöth, H.B. (2022). Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1066988
Ogundele, M. O. (2018). Behavioural and emotional disorders in childhood: A brief or paediatricians. World Journal of clinical pediatrics, 7(1), 9–26. https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v7.i1.9
Okyar, E., Bozatlı, L., Görker, I., & Okyar, S. (2023). Anxiety and Somatic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychiatry Journal, 5523312. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5523312
Porter, P.L. (2020). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Social Work Practice in Suffolk, VA. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. ScholarWorks.
Rajcumar, N.R., & Paruk, S. (2020). Knowledge and misconceptions of parents of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder at a hospital in South Africa. Official Journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care 62 (1):e1-e8. https://doi.org/10.4102/safp.v62i1.5124
Rizzo, A., Mammarella, N., Giovagnoli, S., Carotenuto, M., & Esposito, M. (2021). Parental knowledge of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(3), 323-335.
Salari, N., Ghasemi, H., Abdoli, N. et al. (2023). The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Italian Journal of Pediatrics 49, 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-023-01456-1
Sedgwick-Müller, J. A., Müller-Sedgwick, U., Adamou, M., Catani, M., Champ, R., Gudjónsson, G., Hank, D., Pitts, M., Young, S., & Asherson, P. (2022). University students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A consensus statement from the UK Adult ADHD Network (UKAAN). BMC psychiatry, 22(1), 292. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03898-z
Setiawati Y, Mukono HJ, Wahyuhadi J, Warsiki E. (2018). The relationship between severity of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with maternal anxiety. Health Notion;2(4):426–431.
Vardar, G.,Urhan, S., & Alparslan, Z. N. (2019). Parental knowledge of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 32(1), 11-17.
Wasington, M. & Villines Z. (2021). Why is ADHD awareness important? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/adhd-awareness
Wilson, D.R., & Seymour, T. (2022). Three types of ADHD: What are the differences? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/adhd-awareness