Main Article Content
Abstract
This literature review delves into the escalating global health concern regarding hypertension among adolescents, with a particular focus on the unique challenges faced by African youth. Initially associated with aging, hypertension is now prevalent among teenagers, necessitating a shift in focus and understanding of the global health landscape. This manuscript highlights the prevalence of hypertension among adolescents in Africa, the risk factors for hypertension among adolescents in Africa, the consequences of hypertension in adolescence, and interventional strategies.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Agyemang, C., Boatemaa, S., Frempong, G. A., & de-Graft Aikins, A. (2015). Obesity in sub-saharan Africa. Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015. http://41.204.63.118:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/49
- Akinlua, J. T., Meakin, R., Umar, A. M., & Freemantle, N. (2015). Current Prevalence Pattern of Hypertension in Nigeria: A Systematic Review. PloS One, 10(10), e0140021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140021
- Amponsem-Boateng, C., & Bosu, W. K. (2022). Hypertension among adolescents in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. PloS One, 17(3), e0264728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264728
- Azizi, Z., Alipour, P., Raparelli, V., Norris, C. M., & Pilote, L. (2023). The role of sex and gender in hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension, 37(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-022-00789-4
- Bird, Y., Lemstra, M., Rogers, M., & Moraros, J. (2015). The relationship between socioeconomic status/income and prevalence of diabetes and associated conditions: A cross-sectional population-based study in Saskatchewan, Canada. International Journal for Equity in Health, 14(1), 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-015-0237-0
- Choukem, S.-P., Tochie, J. N., Sibetcheu, A. T., Nansseu, J. R., & Hamilton-Shield, J. P. (2020a). Overweight/obesity and associated cardiovascular risk factors in sub-Saharan African children and adolescents: A scoping review. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2020(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13633-020-0076-7
- Choukem, S.-P., Tochie, J. N., Sibetcheu, A. T., Nansseu, J. R., & Hamilton-Shield, J. P. (2020b). Overweight/obesity and associated cardiovascular risk factors in sub-Saharan African children and adolescents: A scoping review. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2020, 1–13.
- Del Pinto, R., Pietropaoli, D., Munoz-Aguilera, E., D’Aiuto, F., Czesnikiewicz-Guzik, M., Monaco, A., Guzik, T. J., & Ferri, C. (2020). Periodontitis and Hypertension: Is the Association Causal? Hypertension & Cardiovascular Prevention, 27(4), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-020-00392-z
- Ewald, D. R., & Haldeman, L. A. (2016). Risk factors in adolescent hypertension. Global Pediatric Health, 3, 2333794X15625159.
- Fisher, N. D., & Curfman, G. (2018). Hypertension—A public health challenge of global proportions. Jama, 320(17), 1757–1759. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2712524
- Flynn, J. T., Kaelber, D. C., Baker-Smith, C. M., Blowey, D., Carroll, A. E., Daniels, S. R., de Ferranti, S. D., Dionne, J. M., Falkner, B., Flinn, S. K., Gidding, S. S., Goodwin, C., Leu, M. G., Powers, M. E., Rea, C., Samuels, J., Simasek, M., Thaker, V. V., Urbina, E. M., & Subcommittee on Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children (2017). Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(3), e20171904. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1904
- Kar, S., & Khandelwal, B. (2015). Fast foods and physical inactivity are risk factors for obesity and hypertension among adolescent school children in east district of Sikkim, India. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine, 6(2), 356. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.160004
- Leng, B., Jin, Y., Li, G., Chen, L., & Jin, N. (2015). Socioeconomic status and hypertension: A meta-analysis. Journal of Hypertension, 33(2), 221. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000428
- Liu, M.-Y., Li, N., Li, W. A., & Khan, H. (2017). Association between psychosocial stress and hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurological Research, 39(6), 573–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2017.1317904
- Norboo, T., Stobdan, T., Tsering, N., Angchuk, N., Tsering, P., Ahmed, I., Chorol, T., Sharma, V. K., Reddy, P., Singh, S. B., Kimura, Y., Sakamoto, R., Fukutomi, E., Ishikawa, M., Suwa, K., Kosaka, Y., Nose, M., Yamaguchi, T., Tsukihara, T., … Okumiya, K. (2015). Prevalence of hypertension at high altitude: Cross-sectional survey in Ladakh, Northern India 2007–2011. BMJ Open, 5(4), e007026. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007026
- Noubiap, J. J., Essouma, M., Bigna, J. J., Jingi, A. M., Aminde, L. N., & Nansseu, J. R. (2017). Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e375–e386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30123-8
- Oguoma, V. M., Nwose, E. U., Skinner, T. C., Digban, K. A., Onyia, I. C., & Richards, R. S. (2015). Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among a Nigerian adult population: Relationship with income level and accessibility to CVD risks screening. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 397. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1709-2
- Patel, R. S., Masi, S., & Taddei, S. (2017). Understanding the role of genetics in hypertension. European Heart Journal, 38(29), 2309–2312.
- Psaltopoulou, T., Hatzis, G., Papageorgiou, N., Androulakis, E., Briasoulis, A., & Tousoulis, D. (2017). Socioeconomic status and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: Impact of dietary mediators. Hellenic Journal of Cardiology, 58(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2017.01.022
- Quan, S. F., Combs, D., & Parthasarathy, S. (2018). Impact of sleep duration and weekend oversleep on body weight and blood pressure in adolescents. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary & Critical Care, 16(1), 31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5783643/
- Rahman, M. M., Gilmour, S., Akter, S., Abe, S. K., Saito, E., & Shibuya, K. (2015). Prevalence and control of hypertension in Bangladesh: A multilevel analysis of a nationwide population-based survey. Journal of Hypertension, 33(3), 465. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000421
- Ruiz, L. D., Zuelch, M. L., Dimitratos, S. M., & Scherr, R. E. (2019). Adolescent obesity: Diet quality, psychosocial health, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Nutrients, 12(1), 43. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/1/43
- Satoh, A., Arima, H., Ohkubo, T., Nishi, N., Okuda, N., Ae, R., Inoue, M., Kurita, S., Murakami, K., Kadota, A., Fujiyoshi, A., Sakata, K., Okamura, T., Ueshima, H., Okayama, A., Miura, K., & Group, N. D. R. (2017). Associations of socioeconomic status with prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in a general Japanese population: NIPPON DATA2010. Journal of Hypertension, 35(2), 401. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001169
- Schutte, A. E., Botha, S., Fourie, C. M., Gafane-Matemane, L. F., Kruger, R., Lammertyn, L., Malan, L., Mels, C., Schutte, R., & Smith, W. (2017). Recent advances in understanding hypertension development in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Human Hypertension, 31(8), 491–500.
- Sharma, A. K., Metzger, D. L., & Rodd, C. J. (2018). Prevalence and Severity of Hypertension Among Children Based on the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(6), 557–565. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0223
- Song, P., Zhang, Y., Yu, J., Zha, M., Zhu, Y., Rahimi, K., & Rudan, I. (2019). Global Prevalence of Hypertension in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(12), 1154–1163. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3310
- Soubeiga, J. K., Millogo, T., Bicaba, B. W., Doulougou, B., & Kouanda, S. (2017). Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: A countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3926-8
- Tappia, P. S., & Defries, D. (2020). Prevalence, consequences, causes and management of obesity. Pathophysiology of Obesity-Induced Health Complications, 3–22.
- Wang, L., Song, L., Liu, B., Zhang, L., Wu, M., Cao, Z., & Wang, Y. (2019). Trends and Status of the Prevalence of Elevated Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Current Hypertension Reports, 21(11), 88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-019-0992-1
- Wilson, A., & Renzaho, A. (2015). Intergenerational differences in acculturation experiences, food beliefs and perceived health risks among refugees from the Horn of Africa in Melbourne, Australia. Public Health Nutrition, 18(1), 176–188.
- Zhou, B., Perel, P., Mensah, G. A., & Ezzati, M. (2021). Global epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 18(11), 785–802. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00559-8
References
Agyemang, C., Boatemaa, S., Frempong, G. A., & de-Graft Aikins, A. (2015). Obesity in sub-saharan Africa. Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015. http://41.204.63.118:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/49
Akinlua, J. T., Meakin, R., Umar, A. M., & Freemantle, N. (2015). Current Prevalence Pattern of Hypertension in Nigeria: A Systematic Review. PloS One, 10(10), e0140021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140021
Amponsem-Boateng, C., & Bosu, W. K. (2022). Hypertension among adolescents in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. PloS One, 17(3), e0264728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264728
Azizi, Z., Alipour, P., Raparelli, V., Norris, C. M., & Pilote, L. (2023). The role of sex and gender in hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension, 37(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-022-00789-4
Bird, Y., Lemstra, M., Rogers, M., & Moraros, J. (2015). The relationship between socioeconomic status/income and prevalence of diabetes and associated conditions: A cross-sectional population-based study in Saskatchewan, Canada. International Journal for Equity in Health, 14(1), 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-015-0237-0
Choukem, S.-P., Tochie, J. N., Sibetcheu, A. T., Nansseu, J. R., & Hamilton-Shield, J. P. (2020a). Overweight/obesity and associated cardiovascular risk factors in sub-Saharan African children and adolescents: A scoping review. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2020(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13633-020-0076-7
Choukem, S.-P., Tochie, J. N., Sibetcheu, A. T., Nansseu, J. R., & Hamilton-Shield, J. P. (2020b). Overweight/obesity and associated cardiovascular risk factors in sub-Saharan African children and adolescents: A scoping review. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2020, 1–13.
Del Pinto, R., Pietropaoli, D., Munoz-Aguilera, E., D’Aiuto, F., Czesnikiewicz-Guzik, M., Monaco, A., Guzik, T. J., & Ferri, C. (2020). Periodontitis and Hypertension: Is the Association Causal? Hypertension & Cardiovascular Prevention, 27(4), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-020-00392-z
Ewald, D. R., & Haldeman, L. A. (2016). Risk factors in adolescent hypertension. Global Pediatric Health, 3, 2333794X15625159.
Fisher, N. D., & Curfman, G. (2018). Hypertension—A public health challenge of global proportions. Jama, 320(17), 1757–1759. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2712524
Flynn, J. T., Kaelber, D. C., Baker-Smith, C. M., Blowey, D., Carroll, A. E., Daniels, S. R., de Ferranti, S. D., Dionne, J. M., Falkner, B., Flinn, S. K., Gidding, S. S., Goodwin, C., Leu, M. G., Powers, M. E., Rea, C., Samuels, J., Simasek, M., Thaker, V. V., Urbina, E. M., & Subcommittee on Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children (2017). Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(3), e20171904. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1904
Kar, S., & Khandelwal, B. (2015). Fast foods and physical inactivity are risk factors for obesity and hypertension among adolescent school children in east district of Sikkim, India. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine, 6(2), 356. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.160004
Leng, B., Jin, Y., Li, G., Chen, L., & Jin, N. (2015). Socioeconomic status and hypertension: A meta-analysis. Journal of Hypertension, 33(2), 221. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000428
Liu, M.-Y., Li, N., Li, W. A., & Khan, H. (2017). Association between psychosocial stress and hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurological Research, 39(6), 573–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2017.1317904
Norboo, T., Stobdan, T., Tsering, N., Angchuk, N., Tsering, P., Ahmed, I., Chorol, T., Sharma, V. K., Reddy, P., Singh, S. B., Kimura, Y., Sakamoto, R., Fukutomi, E., Ishikawa, M., Suwa, K., Kosaka, Y., Nose, M., Yamaguchi, T., Tsukihara, T., … Okumiya, K. (2015). Prevalence of hypertension at high altitude: Cross-sectional survey in Ladakh, Northern India 2007–2011. BMJ Open, 5(4), e007026. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007026
Noubiap, J. J., Essouma, M., Bigna, J. J., Jingi, A. M., Aminde, L. N., & Nansseu, J. R. (2017). Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e375–e386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30123-8
Oguoma, V. M., Nwose, E. U., Skinner, T. C., Digban, K. A., Onyia, I. C., & Richards, R. S. (2015). Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among a Nigerian adult population: Relationship with income level and accessibility to CVD risks screening. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 397. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1709-2
Patel, R. S., Masi, S., & Taddei, S. (2017). Understanding the role of genetics in hypertension. European Heart Journal, 38(29), 2309–2312.
Psaltopoulou, T., Hatzis, G., Papageorgiou, N., Androulakis, E., Briasoulis, A., & Tousoulis, D. (2017). Socioeconomic status and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: Impact of dietary mediators. Hellenic Journal of Cardiology, 58(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2017.01.022
Quan, S. F., Combs, D., & Parthasarathy, S. (2018). Impact of sleep duration and weekend oversleep on body weight and blood pressure in adolescents. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary & Critical Care, 16(1), 31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5783643/
Rahman, M. M., Gilmour, S., Akter, S., Abe, S. K., Saito, E., & Shibuya, K. (2015). Prevalence and control of hypertension in Bangladesh: A multilevel analysis of a nationwide population-based survey. Journal of Hypertension, 33(3), 465. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000421
Ruiz, L. D., Zuelch, M. L., Dimitratos, S. M., & Scherr, R. E. (2019). Adolescent obesity: Diet quality, psychosocial health, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Nutrients, 12(1), 43. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/1/43
Satoh, A., Arima, H., Ohkubo, T., Nishi, N., Okuda, N., Ae, R., Inoue, M., Kurita, S., Murakami, K., Kadota, A., Fujiyoshi, A., Sakata, K., Okamura, T., Ueshima, H., Okayama, A., Miura, K., & Group, N. D. R. (2017). Associations of socioeconomic status with prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in a general Japanese population: NIPPON DATA2010. Journal of Hypertension, 35(2), 401. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001169
Schutte, A. E., Botha, S., Fourie, C. M., Gafane-Matemane, L. F., Kruger, R., Lammertyn, L., Malan, L., Mels, C., Schutte, R., & Smith, W. (2017). Recent advances in understanding hypertension development in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Human Hypertension, 31(8), 491–500.
Sharma, A. K., Metzger, D. L., & Rodd, C. J. (2018). Prevalence and Severity of Hypertension Among Children Based on the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(6), 557–565. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0223
Song, P., Zhang, Y., Yu, J., Zha, M., Zhu, Y., Rahimi, K., & Rudan, I. (2019). Global Prevalence of Hypertension in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(12), 1154–1163. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3310
Soubeiga, J. K., Millogo, T., Bicaba, B. W., Doulougou, B., & Kouanda, S. (2017). Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: A countrywide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3926-8
Tappia, P. S., & Defries, D. (2020). Prevalence, consequences, causes and management of obesity. Pathophysiology of Obesity-Induced Health Complications, 3–22.
Wang, L., Song, L., Liu, B., Zhang, L., Wu, M., Cao, Z., & Wang, Y. (2019). Trends and Status of the Prevalence of Elevated Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Current Hypertension Reports, 21(11), 88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-019-0992-1
Wilson, A., & Renzaho, A. (2015). Intergenerational differences in acculturation experiences, food beliefs and perceived health risks among refugees from the Horn of Africa in Melbourne, Australia. Public Health Nutrition, 18(1), 176–188.
Zhou, B., Perel, P., Mensah, G. A., & Ezzati, M. (2021). Global epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 18(11), 785–802. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00559-8