Main Article Content
Abstract
This article aims to explore the challenges faced by Kenyan mothers in breastfeeding and provide valuable lessons for fathers and other stakeholders. By understanding the unique circumstances and preferences of Kenyan mothers, we can promote effective co-parenting and support systems. The purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges and needs of Kenyan mothers in breastfeeding and provide guidance for fathers, healthcare providers, policymakers, and other stakeholders in supporting breastfeeding in Kenya. Based on existing literature sourced from PUBMED and Google Scholar, relevant papers were reviewed. Cultural, socioeconomic and maternal well-being breastfeeding challenges were synthesized and presented. The major factors influencing WHO breastfeeding recommendations in Kenya are socioeconomic factors and cultural factors. Integrated promotion and intervention strategies that aim at achieving optimal breastfeeding recommendations and practices in the country are needed. Kenyan women need support from the fathers of the babies, healthcare workers, the community, and relevant policymakers. Fathers need to be educated more on breastfeeding in order to support mothers, and access to lactation support needs to be improved at healthcare facilities and workplaces.
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Article Details
References
- Aoko Dinga, L., Kiage-Mokua, B. N., & Kyallo, F. (2018). Father-targeted nutrition education improves early initiation and breastfeeding exclusivity: The case of Kisumu county, Kenya. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 01(03). https://doi.org/10.35841/food-science.1.3.12-17
- Assad, S., Niazi, A., & Assad, S. (2013). Health and Islam. Journal of Mid-Life Health, 4(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-7800.109645
- Balaton-Chrimes, S. (2021). Who are Kenya’s 42(+) tribes? The census and the political utility of magical uncertainty. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 15(1), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2020.1863642
- Blixt, I., Johansson, M., Hildingsson, I., Papoutsi, Z., & Rubertsson, C. (2019). Women’s advice to healthcare professionals regarding breastfeeding: “Offer sensitive individualized breastfeeding support”- an interview study. International Breastfeeding Journal, 14(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-019-0247-4
- Brown, A., & Davies, R. (2014). Fathers’ experiences of supporting breastfeeding: Challenges for breastfeeding promotion and education. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 10. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12129
- CDC. (2023, March 16). Why It Matters. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/about-breastfeeding/why-it-matters.html
- Chonmaitree, T., Trujillo, R., Jennings, K., Alvarez-Fernandez, P., Patel, J. A., Loeffelholz, M. J., Nokso-Koivisto, J., Matalon, R., Pyles, R. B., Miller, A. L., & McCormick, D. P. (2016). Acute Otitis Media and Other Complications of Viral Respiratory Infection. Pediatrics, 137(4), e20153555. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3555
- Government of Kenya. (2017). Government of Kenya Health Act 2017. Kenya Gazette Supplement., 101(21). Government of Kenya. http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/HealthActNo.21of2017.pdf
- Horta, B. L., De Sousa, B. A., & De Mola, C. L. (2018). Breastfeeding and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 21(3), 174–178. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000453
- Ickes, S. B., Sanders, H., Denno, D. M., Myhre, J. A., Kinyua, J., Singa, B., Lemein, H. S., Iannotti, L. L., Farquhar, C., Walson, J. L., & Nduati, R. (2021). Exclusive breastfeeding among working mothers in Kenya: Perspectives from women, families and employers. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 17(4), e13194. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13194
- KDHS. (2015). Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Health/Kenya, National AIDS Control Council/Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute, National Council for Population and Development/Kenya, and ICF International. 2015. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Rockville, MD, USA: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Health/Kenya, National AIDS Control Council/Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute, National Council for Population and Development/Kenya, and ICF International. (FR308). https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr308-dhs-final-reports.cfm
- Kimani‐Murage, E. W., Wilunda, C., Macharia, T. N., Kamande, E. W., Gatheru, P. M., Zerfu, T., Donfouet, H. P. P., Kiige, L., Jabando, S., Dinga, L. A., Samburu, B., Lilford, R., Griffiths, P., Jackson, D., Begin, F., & Moloney, G. (2021). Effect of a baby‐friendly workplace support intervention on exclusive breastfeeding in Kenya. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 17(4), e13191. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13191
- Kubuga, C. K., & Tindana, J. (2023). Breastfeeding environment and experiences at the workplace among health workers in the Upper East Region of Ghana. International Breastfeeding Journal, 18(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-023-00565-1
- M’Liria, J. K., Kimiywe, J., & Ochola, S. (2020). Impact of Mother-to-Mother Support Groups in Promoting Exclusive Breastfeeding in a Low-Resource Rural Community in Kenya: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal, 609–621. https://doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.8.2.26
- Mwamba, M. A. (2019). What role do fathers cultural experiences play in the decision to support breastfeeding? [The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries]. https://doi.org/10.17615/D9MH-5F46
- Njeri, M. (2015). Breastfeeding and Work: Associated Challenges for Breastfeeding Mothers in Kenya. https://aphrc.org/blogarticle/breastfeeding-and-work-associated-challenges-for-breastfeeding-mothers-in-kenya/
- Pérez-Escamilla, R. (2020). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: How we can make it work. Social Science & Medicine, 244, 112331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.036
- Tucker, Z., & O’Malley, C. (2022). Mental Health Benefits of Breastfeeding: A Literature Review. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.29199
- Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J. D., França, G. V. A., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., Murch, S., Sankar, M. J., Walker, N., & Rollins, N. C. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet, 387(10017), 475–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7
- Vilar-Compte, M., Hernández-Cordero, S., Ancira-Moreno, M., Burrola-Méndez, S., Ferre-Eguiluz, I., Omaña, I., & Pérez Navarro, C. (2021). Breastfeeding at the workplace: A systematic review of interventions to improve workplace environments to facilitate breastfeeding among working women. International Journal for Equity in Health, 20(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01432-3
- Wainaina, C. W., Wanjohi, M., Wekesah, F., Woolhead, G., & Kimani-Murage, E. (2018). Exploring the Experiences of Middle Income Mothers in Practicing Exclusive Breastfeeding in Nairobi, Kenya. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 22(4), 608–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-2430-4
- Wanjohi, M., Griffiths, P., Wekesah, F., Muriuki, P., Muhia, N., Musoke, R. N., Fouts, H. N., Madise, N. J., & Kimani-Murage, E. W. (2016). Sociocultural factors influencing breastfeeding practices in two slums in Nairobi, Kenya. International Breastfeeding Journal, 12(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-016-0092-7
- Webb‐Girard, A., Cherobon, A., Mbugua, S., Kamau‐Mbuthia, E., Amin, A., & Sellen, D. W. (2012). Food insecurity is associated with attitudes towards exclusive breastfeeding among women in urban Kenya. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 8(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00272.x
References
Aoko Dinga, L., Kiage-Mokua, B. N., & Kyallo, F. (2018). Father-targeted nutrition education improves early initiation and breastfeeding exclusivity: The case of Kisumu county, Kenya. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 01(03). https://doi.org/10.35841/food-science.1.3.12-17
Assad, S., Niazi, A., & Assad, S. (2013). Health and Islam. Journal of Mid-Life Health, 4(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-7800.109645
Balaton-Chrimes, S. (2021). Who are Kenya’s 42(+) tribes? The census and the political utility of magical uncertainty. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 15(1), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2020.1863642
Blixt, I., Johansson, M., Hildingsson, I., Papoutsi, Z., & Rubertsson, C. (2019). Women’s advice to healthcare professionals regarding breastfeeding: “Offer sensitive individualized breastfeeding support”- an interview study. International Breastfeeding Journal, 14(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-019-0247-4
Brown, A., & Davies, R. (2014). Fathers’ experiences of supporting breastfeeding: Challenges for breastfeeding promotion and education. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 10. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12129
CDC. (2023, March 16). Why It Matters. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/about-breastfeeding/why-it-matters.html
Chonmaitree, T., Trujillo, R., Jennings, K., Alvarez-Fernandez, P., Patel, J. A., Loeffelholz, M. J., Nokso-Koivisto, J., Matalon, R., Pyles, R. B., Miller, A. L., & McCormick, D. P. (2016). Acute Otitis Media and Other Complications of Viral Respiratory Infection. Pediatrics, 137(4), e20153555. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3555
Government of Kenya. (2017). Government of Kenya Health Act 2017. Kenya Gazette Supplement., 101(21). Government of Kenya. http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/HealthActNo.21of2017.pdf
Horta, B. L., De Sousa, B. A., & De Mola, C. L. (2018). Breastfeeding and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 21(3), 174–178. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000453
Ickes, S. B., Sanders, H., Denno, D. M., Myhre, J. A., Kinyua, J., Singa, B., Lemein, H. S., Iannotti, L. L., Farquhar, C., Walson, J. L., & Nduati, R. (2021). Exclusive breastfeeding among working mothers in Kenya: Perspectives from women, families and employers. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 17(4), e13194. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13194
KDHS. (2015). Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Health/Kenya, National AIDS Control Council/Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute, National Council for Population and Development/Kenya, and ICF International. 2015. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Rockville, MD, USA: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Health/Kenya, National AIDS Control Council/Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute, National Council for Population and Development/Kenya, and ICF International. (FR308). https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr308-dhs-final-reports.cfm
Kimani‐Murage, E. W., Wilunda, C., Macharia, T. N., Kamande, E. W., Gatheru, P. M., Zerfu, T., Donfouet, H. P. P., Kiige, L., Jabando, S., Dinga, L. A., Samburu, B., Lilford, R., Griffiths, P., Jackson, D., Begin, F., & Moloney, G. (2021). Effect of a baby‐friendly workplace support intervention on exclusive breastfeeding in Kenya. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 17(4), e13191. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13191
Kubuga, C. K., & Tindana, J. (2023). Breastfeeding environment and experiences at the workplace among health workers in the Upper East Region of Ghana. International Breastfeeding Journal, 18(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-023-00565-1
M’Liria, J. K., Kimiywe, J., & Ochola, S. (2020). Impact of Mother-to-Mother Support Groups in Promoting Exclusive Breastfeeding in a Low-Resource Rural Community in Kenya: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal, 609–621. https://doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.8.2.26
Mwamba, M. A. (2019). What role do fathers cultural experiences play in the decision to support breastfeeding? [The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries]. https://doi.org/10.17615/D9MH-5F46
Njeri, M. (2015). Breastfeeding and Work: Associated Challenges for Breastfeeding Mothers in Kenya. https://aphrc.org/blogarticle/breastfeeding-and-work-associated-challenges-for-breastfeeding-mothers-in-kenya/
Pérez-Escamilla, R. (2020). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: How we can make it work. Social Science & Medicine, 244, 112331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.036
Tucker, Z., & O’Malley, C. (2022). Mental Health Benefits of Breastfeeding: A Literature Review. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.29199
Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J. D., França, G. V. A., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., Murch, S., Sankar, M. J., Walker, N., & Rollins, N. C. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet, 387(10017), 475–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7
Vilar-Compte, M., Hernández-Cordero, S., Ancira-Moreno, M., Burrola-Méndez, S., Ferre-Eguiluz, I., Omaña, I., & Pérez Navarro, C. (2021). Breastfeeding at the workplace: A systematic review of interventions to improve workplace environments to facilitate breastfeeding among working women. International Journal for Equity in Health, 20(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01432-3
Wainaina, C. W., Wanjohi, M., Wekesah, F., Woolhead, G., & Kimani-Murage, E. (2018). Exploring the Experiences of Middle Income Mothers in Practicing Exclusive Breastfeeding in Nairobi, Kenya. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 22(4), 608–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-2430-4
Wanjohi, M., Griffiths, P., Wekesah, F., Muriuki, P., Muhia, N., Musoke, R. N., Fouts, H. N., Madise, N. J., & Kimani-Murage, E. W. (2016). Sociocultural factors influencing breastfeeding practices in two slums in Nairobi, Kenya. International Breastfeeding Journal, 12(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-016-0092-7
Webb‐Girard, A., Cherobon, A., Mbugua, S., Kamau‐Mbuthia, E., Amin, A., & Sellen, D. W. (2012). Food insecurity is associated with attitudes towards exclusive breastfeeding among women in urban Kenya. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 8(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00272.x