Article Sidebar

Submitted
March 1, 2023
Accepted
June 13, 2023
Published
June 29, 2023
Download
Download PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 252

Main Article Content

Abstract

 Background: Diabetes burden manifests in social outcomes, with Kenya having the second highest global mortality rate (88.4%), attributable to the inadequacies of mitigation measures. Despite diabetes being manageable, there are concerns about client compliance with biomedical healthcare-seeking behaviour (HSB), which is scientifically recommended, with cases of shifting, combining HSB, or defaulting. This study sought to determine the social outcomes of alternative HSB among persons living with diabetes in Rongo Sub-County.


Methods: This study adopted the Health Belief Model and a convergent mixedmethod approach with a descriptive-exploratory design. Yamane’s formula was used to sample 257 respondents from a target population of 718 persons living with diabetes in Rongo Sub-County using proportionate and simple random sampling. Six healthcare workers from the purposively sampled health facilities were interviewed. Questionnaires and interview schedules were tested to obtain a validity and reliability index of .83 and .87 respectively.


Results: Pearson’s correlation revealed a statistically significant and strong positive relationship between social outcomes and alternative HSB (.60, p =.00). The thematically analysed data revealed that perceptions, experiences, and beliefs influenced alternative HSB, thus impacting social outcomes.


Conclusion: This study concluded that there is a strong positive relationship between social outcomes and seeking ethno-medicine (alternative HSB) among persons living with diabetes in the study area. Therefore, there is a need for a well-outlined framework for collaboration between biomedical and alternative healthcare practitioners.

Keywords

Alternative healthcare-seeking behaviour descriptive exploratory design ethno-medicine health belief model Kenya persons living with diabetes social outcomes

Article Details

How to Cite
Owuor, M. O., Onyango, E. A., & Oyoo, E. O. (2023). Social Outcomes of Alternative Healthcare-Seeking Behaviour Among Persons Living with Diabetes in Rongo Sub-County, Migori County, Kenya. Pan-African Journal of Health and Environmental Science, 2(1). Retrieved from https://journals.aua.ke/ajhes/article/view/321
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. Abdullahi, A. A. (2011). Trends and challenges of traditional medicine in Africa. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 8(5), 115-123.
  2. Adanikin, A., Onwudiegwu, U., & Akintayo, A. (2014). Reshaping maternal services in Nigeria: Any need for spiritual care? BMC Pregnancy and Child Birth, 14(196).
  3. Alvi, M. H. (2016). A manual for selecting sampling techniques in research. Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
  4. Ashing-Giwa, K. T., Gonzalez, P., Lim, J., Chung, C., Paz, P., Somlo, G., & Wakabayashi, M. T. (2010). Diagnostic and therapeutic delays among a multi-ethnic sample of breast and cervical cancer survivors. Cancer, 116(13), 3195-3204.
  5. Atun, R., Davies, J. I., Gale, E. A., Bärnighausen, T., Beran, D., Kengne, A. P Levitt, N. S., Mangugu, F. W., Nyirenda, M. J., Ogle, G. D., Ramaiya, K., Sewankambo, N. K., Sobngwi, E., Tesfaye, S., Yudkin, J. S., Basu, S., Bommer, C., Heesemann, E., Mahne-Goehler, J. ….. & Werfalli, M. (2017). Diabetes in Sub-Saharan Africa: From clinical care to health policy. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 5(8), 622-667.
  6. Ayah, R., Joshi, M. D., Wanjiru, R., Njau, E. K., Otieno, C. F., Njeru, E. K., & Mutai, K. K. (2013). A population-based survey of prevalence of diabetes and correlates in an urban slum community in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Public Health, 13, 371.
  7. Bird, C. E., Conrad, P., Fremont, A. M., & Timmermans, S. (Eds.) (2010). Handbook of Medical Sociology (6th Ed.). Tennessee, Vanderbilt University Press Nashville.
  8. Birhanu, Z., Abdissa, A., Belachew, T., Deribew, A., Segni, H., Tsu, V., Mulholland, K., & Russell, F. M. (2012). Health seeking behaviour for cervical cancer in Ethiopia: A qualitative study. International Journal for Equity in Health, 11, 83.
  9. Callister, L. C., & Khalif, I. (2010). Spirituality in childbearing women. Journal of Prenatal Education, 19(2), 16-24.
  10. Chadza, E., Chirwa, E., Maluwa, A., Malata, A., Kazembe, A., & Chimwaza, A. (2012). Factors that contribute to delay in seeking cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment among women in Malawi. Journal of Health, 4(11), 1015-1022.
  11. Cockerham, W., Dingwall, C. R., & Quah, S. R. [Eds.] (2014). Encyclopaedia of Health, Illness, Behaviours, and Society. (1st Ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
  12. Cremers, A. L., Janssen, S., Huson, M. A. M., Bikene, G., Bélard, S., Gerrets, R. P. M., & Grobusch, M. P. (2013). Perceptions, health care seeking behaviour and implementation of a tuberculosis control programme in Lambarene, Gabon. Public Health Action, 3(5), 328-332.
  13. Cross, J., & MacGregor, H. N. (2010). Knowledge, legitimacy and economic practice in informal markets for medicine: A critical review of research. Social Science and Medicine, 71, 1593-1600.
  14. Das, S., Mia, M. N., Hanifi, S. M. A., Hoque, S., & Bhuiya, A. (2017). Health literacy in a community with low levels of education: findings from Chakaria, a rural area of Bangladesh. BMC Public Health, 17, 203.
  15. Diabetes Declaration and Strategy for Africa (2006). An integrated strategic plan for diabetes and related health risks. Summary Document, November 2006.
  16. Egharevba, H. O., Ibrahim, J. A., Kassam, C. D., & Kunle, O.F. (2015). Integrating traditional medicine practice into the formal health care delivery system in the new millennium- the Nigerian approach: A review. International Journal of Life Sciences, 4(2), 120-128.
  17. Fisher, L., Mullan, J., Arean, P., Glasgow, R.E., Hessler, D., & Masharani, U. (2010). Diabetes distress but not clinical depression or depressive symptoms is associated with glycaemic control in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Diabetes Care, 33(1), 23-28.
  18. Gathara, P. (2018). Doctors without borders: Why Kenya should give traditional doctors and healers a chance.
  19. Green, E. C., Murphy, E. M., & Gryboski, K. (2020). The Health Belief Model. The Wiley Encyclopaedia of Health Psychology.
  20. Hegazi, R., El-Gama, L. M., Abdel-Hady, N., & Hamdy, O. (2015). Epidemiology of and risk factors for type 2 diabetes in Egypt. Annals of Global Health, 81(6).
  21. Hjelm, K., & Atwine, F. (2011). Healthcare seeking behaviour among persons with diabetes in Uganda: An interview study. BMC International Health and human rights, 11, 11-19.
  22. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (2019). Diabetes Atlas (9th Ed.)
  23. Jambo, A., Mengistu, G., Sisay, M., Amare, F., & Edessa, D. (2018). Self-medication and contributing factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals of Harar town, Ethiopia. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 1063.
  24. Kalra, S., Khandelwal, D., Singla, R., Aggarwal, S., & Dutta, D. (2017). Malaria and diabetes. JPMA the Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 67(5), 810-813.
  25. Kamaara, E., Nyongesa, P., Ayanga, H. O., Choge-Kerama, E. J., Chelagat, D., Koech, J. K., Mraja, M., Chemorion, E. K., Mothaly, J., Kiyiapi, L., Katwa, J., Odunga, J., & Lemons, J. (2019). Hospital-based spiritual care for mothers of neonates at RMBH in Eldoret, Kenya: A situational analysis. Health and Social Care Chaplaincy, 7(2), 145-167.
  26. Kasaie, P., Weir, B., Schnure, M., Dun, C., Pennington, J., Teng, Y., Wamai, R., Mutai, K., Dowdy, D., & Beyrer, C. (2020). Integrated screening and treatment services for HIV, hypertension and diabetes in Kenya: Assessing the epidemiological impact and cost-effectiveness national and regional perspective. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 23(1), 17-29.
  27. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2019). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics. Government Printers, Nairobi-Kenya.
  28. Kenya Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (KENPHIA) 2018 survey. Preliminary Report.
  29. Kleinman, A. (2020). The illness narratives: Suffering, healing, and the human condition (2nd Ed.). New York, Basic Books.
  30. Kothari, C. R., & Garg, G. (2014). Research methodology and techniques. (3rd Ed.). New Delhi: India, New Age International Publishers.
  31. Kuan, Y. C., Yen, D. J., Yiu, C. H., Lin, Y. Y., Kwan, S. Y., Chen, C., Chou, C., & Yu, H. Y. (2011). Treatment-seeking behaviour of people with epilepsy in Taiwan: A preliminary study. Epilepsy and Behaviour, 22(2), 308-312.
  32. Kumar, R. (2011). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. (3rd Ed.). New Delhi, India, Sage Publications.
  33. Ma, C. (2018). An investigation of factors influencing self-care behaviours in young and middle-aged adults with hypertension based on a health belief model. Heart & Lung, 47(2), 136-141.
  34. Mahomoodally, M. F. (2013). Traditional medicines in Africa: An appraisal of ten potent African medicinal plants. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.
  35. Martin, L. R., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2014). The Oxford handbook of health communication, behaviour change, and treatment adherence. Oxford University Press.
  36. Mbwayo, A. W., Ndetei1, D. M., Mutiso, V., & Khasakhala, L. I. (2013). Traditional healers and provision of mental health services in cosmopolitan informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. African Journal of Psychiatry, 16, 134-140.
  37. Mchidi, N. K. (2016). Health seeking behaviour among nurses working in public hospitals in Kakamega County, Kenya. Research Thesis.
  38. Metta, E. O. (2016). Health-seeking behaviour among adults in the context of the epidemiological transition in South-Eastern Tanzania: A focus on malaria and diabetes. Groningen: University of Groningen.
  39. Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation (2010). Diabetes Comprehensive Care Manual: A Manual for Healthcare Workers (1st Ed.). Government Printers, Nairobi, Kenya.
  40. Mugenda, M., & Mugenda, G. (2010). Research methods: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Laba Publishers, Nairobi.
  41. Mwaura, P. N. (2019). Spiritual warfare and healing in Kenyan Neo-Pentecostalinism. Pentecostalinism, Catholicism, and the Spirit in the World, 8 (81).
  42. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (2020). Health Information. Retrieved from National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes.
  43. Nimesh, V. V., Halder, A., Mitra, A., Kumar, S., Joshi, A., Joshi, R., & Pakhare, A. (2019). Patterns of healthcare seeking behaviour among persons with diabetes in Central India: A mixed method study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8, 677-683.
  44. Ondicho, J., Ochora, J., & Matu E. (2016). Factors associated with use of herbal medicine among patients in herbal clinics in Gucha District, Kenya. Scientific Conference Proceedings.
  45. Peltzer, K., Pengpid, S., Puckpinyo, A., & Yi, S. (2016). The utilization of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine for non-communicable diseases and mental disorders in health care patients in Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1), 1-11.
  46. Pretorius, C. & Joubert, N. (2014). The experiences of individuals with multiple sclerosis in the Western Cape, South Africa. Health SA Geondhed, 19(1).
  47. Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). The Health Belief Model and preventive health behaviour. Health Education Monographs, 2, 354-86.
  48. Rosenstock, I. M. (1966). Why people use health services. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 44, 94-127.
  49. Sarwar, N., Gao, P., Seshasai, S., Gobin, R., Kaptoge, S., & Angelantonio, D. (2010). Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: A collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Lancet, 26(375), 2215-2222.
  50. Seeram, E. (2019). An overview of correlational research. Radiologic Technology, 91(2), 176-179.
  51. Shivachi, T. I. (2012). The role of ethnomedicine in the provision of primary healthcare: The case of Iguhu Location, Kakamega North District, Kakamega County, Kenya. Master’s Thesis, Kenyatta University, Kenya.
  52. Sibuor, J. O. (2018). Responsiveness of health care systems on elderly optimal ageing in rural Kenya: The case of Rachuonyo North Sub County of Homa Bay County. Doctoral Dissertation, Rongo University.
  53. Shin, J. Y., Choi, N. K., Jung, S. Y., Kim, Y. J., Scong, J. M., & Park, B. J. (2011). Overlapping medication associated with healthcare switching among Korean elderly diabetic patients. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 26(11), 1461-1468.
  54. Shivachi, T., & Sidha, Z. (2019). Devolution and gender responsive service delivery in Kenya: A gender analysis of Siaya County. The International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 7(7), 352-357.
  55. Sudhinaraset, M., Ingram, M., Lofthouse, H. K., & Montagu, D. (2013). What is the role of informal healthcare providers in developing countries? A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 8(2).
  56. Tomar, B. S. (2016). Integration of the traditional medicine of the individual country to modern medicine is the better way of medical health care. The 5th Global Congress for Consensus in Paediatrics and Child Health. Xian China, CIP 2016.
  57. Topp, S. M., & Abimbola, S. (2018). Call for Papers: The Alma Ata Declaration at 40: Reflections on Primary Healthcare in a New Era. BMJ Glob Health, 3.
  58. Vander-Stoep, S. W. & Johnston, D. D. (2009). Research methods for everyday life: Blending qualitative and quantitative approaches. USA, Jossey-Bass.
  59. Vashist, S. K., & Luong, J. H. T. (Eds.) (2017). Point-of-care glucose detection for diabetic monitoring and management. New York, USA, Taylor and Francis Group.
  60. Verginer, L., & Juen, B. H. (2018). Spiritual explanatory models of mental illness in West Nile, Uganda. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(2), 233-253.
  61. Winkler, A. S., Mayer, M., Schnaitmann, S., Ombay, M., Mathias, B., Schmutzhard, E., & Jilek-Aall, L. (2010). Belief systems of epilepsy and attitudes toward people living with epilepsy in a rural community of Northern Tanzania. Epilepsy and Behaviour, 19, 596-601.
  62. Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An introductory analysis. (2nd Ed.). New York, Harper.