Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: This study examined the health-seeking behaviors of patients with diabetes and hypertension in rural communities in Ghana. In Ghana, most studies on diabetes and hypertension are clinically oriented. However, medical-sociological truism suggests that attitudes towards health and illnesses, such as hypertension and diabetes, have a social-cultural perspective.
Method: This study adopted a qualitative approach where twenty (20) participants who were either diabetic, hypertensive, or both were interviewed.
Results: One of the study's significant findings was that diabetics/hypertensives use only orthodox hospitals to treat their conditions. Another finding was that the problems and challenges diabetics and hypertensives face include financial difficulties, social isolation, and stigmatization.
Conclusion: Recommendations were made based on these findings. For instance, the registered traditional medicine practitioners should collaborate with the Ghana Health Service to intensify education on the importance of using certified traditional medicines in the treatment and management of diabetes and hypertension and provide customer-age-factor services at the various health facilities for persons with chronic diseases such as diabetics and hypertension.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Addo, J., Amoah, A. G., & Koram, K. A. (2006). The changing patterns of hypertension in Ghana: A study of four rural communities in the Ga District. Ethnicity & Disease, 16(4), 894–899.
- Ahmed, S., Sobhan, F., Islam, A., & Barkat-e-Khuda (2001). Neonatal morbidity and care-seeking behaviour in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 47(2), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/47.2.98
- Aikins, A. G., Boynton, P., & Atanga, L. L. (2010). Developing effective chronic disease interventions in Africa: insights from Ghana and Cameroon. Globalization and Health, 6 (6), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-6-6
- Aikins, A.G. (2016). Ghana's neglected chronic disease epidemic: A developmental challenge. Ghana Medical Journal, 14(4):154-159.
- American Diabetes Association (2003). Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 26 Suppl 1, S33–S50. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.2007.s33
- Annan, A. A., Singh, A., Dogbe, J.A., Asante, D., & Owusu-Dabo, E. (2014). Health-seeking behaviour of tuberculosis patients and related factors in the Central Region of Ghana. Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana), 33, 3-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/just.v33i3.4
- Asenso-Okyere, W. K., Anum, A., Osei-Akoto, I., & Adukonu, A. (1998). Cost recovery in Ghana: are there any changes in health care seeking behaviour? Health Policy and Planning, 13(2), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/13.2.181
- Beune, E., Haafkens, J., Schuster, J.,& Bindels, P.J.E (2006). ‘Under pressure’: how Ghanaian, African-Surinamese and Dutch patients explain hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension; 20, 946–955. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1002094.
- Carter-Edwards, L., Skelly, A. H., Cagle, C. S., & Appel, S. J. (2004). "They care but don't understand": Family support of African American women with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator,30(3), 493–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/014572170403000321
- Chinenye, S., & Ogbera, A. (2013). Socio-cultural aspects of diabetes mellitus in Nigeria. Journal of Social Health and Diabetes, 1(1), 15-21. http://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676175
- Dalal, S., Beunza, J. J., Volmink, J., Adebamowo, C., Bajunirwe, F., Njelekela, M., Mozaffarian, D., Fawzi, W., Willett, W., Adami, H. O., & Holmes, M. D. (2011). Non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: what we know now. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40(4), 885–901. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr050
- DiMatteo M. R. (2004). Social support and patient adherence to medical treatment: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 23(2), 207–218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.2.207
- Ewhrudjakpor, C. (2007). Conceptualizing Africans perception of disease as distinct from Euro-American practice. Journal of Social and Policy Issues, 4(3), 8-11.
- Famuyiwa, O. O., Edozien, E. M., & Ukoli, C. O. (1985). Social, cultural and economic factors in the management of diabetes mellitus in Nigeria. African Journal of Medicine And Medical Sciences,14(3-4), 145–154.
- Gallant, M. P., Spitze, G. D., & Prohaska, T. R. (2007). Help or hindrance? How family and friends influence chronic illness self-management among older adults. Research on Aging, 29(5), 375–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027507303169
- Iyalomhe, G. B., & Iyalomhe, S. I. (2012). Health-seeking behavior of rural dwellers in Southern Nigeria: Implications for Healthcare Professionals. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health, 2(2), 62-71. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJTDH/2012/973
- Iyalomhe, G.B.S. & Iyalomhe, S.I. (2010). Hypertension-related knowledge, attitudes and lifestyle practices among hypertensive patients in a sub-urban Nigerian community. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 2(4), 71-77.
- Kodom, M. A., Dovie, D. A., & Asare-Kyire, L. (2022). Knowledge and perception of hypertension and diabetes among persons resident in local communities in rural Ghana. ADRRI Journal, 31(1 (8), 66-91.
- Lewandowski, A., & Drotar, D. (2007). The relationship between parent-reported social support and adherence to medical treatment in families of adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(4), 427–436. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsl037
- MacKian, S. (2003). A review of health seeking behaviour: Problems and prospects. Health Systems Development Programme, University of Manchester, UK.
- McGuigan, C. L. (2010). Diabetes in the Eritrean and Ethiopian community: Cultural information and recommendations for diabetes educators. EthnoMed https://ethnomed.org/resource/diabetes-in-the-eritrean-and-ethiopian-community-recommendations-for-educators/
- Ministry of Health. (2014). National Policy for the Prevention and Control of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
- Musau, Z. (December 2016 - March 2017). Lifestyle diseases pose new burden for Africa: Diabetes, cancer, heart and respiratory diseases will be the leading killers by 2030. Africa Renewal. https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2016-march-2017/lifestyle-diseases-pose-new-burden-africa#:~:text=%E2%80%9CIn%20Africa%2C%20NCDs%20are%20rising,at%20WHO%2C%20told%20Africa%20Renewal
- National Diabetes Association of Ghana. (2019). Annual Review Report.
- Ndiaye, M. (2010). The impact of health beliefs and culture on health literacy and treatment of diabetes among French-speaking West African immigrants. [Master's thesis, Indiana University]. https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/2050
- Neuman, L. W. (2011). Basics of social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches (3rd ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
- Nyarko, P. K., Nyarko, C.., Appiah, R.E., & Dwamena, H.A. (2014). Statistical analysis of diagnosed hypertensive and non-hypertensive diabetic patients. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 3 (3), 303 – 309.
- Olasehinde N. (2018). Healthcare Seeking Behaviour in Nigeria. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 26 (3); 207-218.
- Omotosho, O. (2010). Health-seeking behavior among the rural dwellers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. African Research Review, 4(2), 125-138.
- Paez, K. A., Zhao, L., & Hwang, W. (2009). Rising Out-Of-Pocket Spending For Chronic Conditions: A Ten-Year Trend. Health Affairs, 28(1), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.15
- Price N. (2001). The performance of social marketing in reaching the poor and vulnerable in AIDS control programmes. Health policy and planning, 16(3), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/16.3.231
- Rintala, T. M., Jaatinen, P., Paavilainen, E., & Astedt-Kurki, P. (2013). Interrelation between adult persons with diabetes and their family: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of family nursing, 19(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074840712471899
- Rosland, A. M., Kieffer, E., Israel, B., Cofield, M., Palmisano, G., Sinco, B., Spencer, M., & Heisler, M. (2008). When is social support important? The association of family support and professional support with specific diabetes self-management behaviors. Journal of general internal medicine, 23(12), 1992–1999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-008-0814-7
- Senah K. A. (2004). In the mighty name of Jesus: Health-seeking behaviour in Ghana. Legon Journal of Sociology, 1 (1): 59-70. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA08556261_19
- Uchino B. N. (2006). Social support and health: A review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(4), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-006-9056-5
- World Health Organization. (2013, November 14). Global action plan for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases 2013–2020. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241506236
- World Health Organization. (2016). Fiscal policies for diet and prevention of noncommunicable diseases: Technical meeting report, 5-6 May 2015, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/obesity/fiscal-policies-for-diet-and-the-prevention-of-noncommunicable-diseases-0.pdf?sfvrsn=84ee20c_2
References
Addo, J., Amoah, A. G., & Koram, K. A. (2006). The changing patterns of hypertension in Ghana: A study of four rural communities in the Ga District. Ethnicity & Disease, 16(4), 894–899.
Ahmed, S., Sobhan, F., Islam, A., & Barkat-e-Khuda (2001). Neonatal morbidity and care-seeking behaviour in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 47(2), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/47.2.98
Aikins, A. G., Boynton, P., & Atanga, L. L. (2010). Developing effective chronic disease interventions in Africa: insights from Ghana and Cameroon. Globalization and Health, 6 (6), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-6-6
Aikins, A.G. (2016). Ghana's neglected chronic disease epidemic: A developmental challenge. Ghana Medical Journal, 14(4):154-159.
American Diabetes Association (2003). Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 26 Suppl 1, S33–S50. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.2007.s33
Annan, A. A., Singh, A., Dogbe, J.A., Asante, D., & Owusu-Dabo, E. (2014). Health-seeking behaviour of tuberculosis patients and related factors in the Central Region of Ghana. Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana), 33, 3-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/just.v33i3.4
Asenso-Okyere, W. K., Anum, A., Osei-Akoto, I., & Adukonu, A. (1998). Cost recovery in Ghana: are there any changes in health care seeking behaviour? Health Policy and Planning, 13(2), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/13.2.181
Beune, E., Haafkens, J., Schuster, J.,& Bindels, P.J.E (2006). ‘Under pressure’: how Ghanaian, African-Surinamese and Dutch patients explain hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension; 20, 946–955. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1002094.
Carter-Edwards, L., Skelly, A. H., Cagle, C. S., & Appel, S. J. (2004). "They care but don't understand": Family support of African American women with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator,30(3), 493–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/014572170403000321
Chinenye, S., & Ogbera, A. (2013). Socio-cultural aspects of diabetes mellitus in Nigeria. Journal of Social Health and Diabetes, 1(1), 15-21. http://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676175
Dalal, S., Beunza, J. J., Volmink, J., Adebamowo, C., Bajunirwe, F., Njelekela, M., Mozaffarian, D., Fawzi, W., Willett, W., Adami, H. O., & Holmes, M. D. (2011). Non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: what we know now. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40(4), 885–901. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr050
DiMatteo M. R. (2004). Social support and patient adherence to medical treatment: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 23(2), 207–218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.2.207
Ewhrudjakpor, C. (2007). Conceptualizing Africans perception of disease as distinct from Euro-American practice. Journal of Social and Policy Issues, 4(3), 8-11.
Famuyiwa, O. O., Edozien, E. M., & Ukoli, C. O. (1985). Social, cultural and economic factors in the management of diabetes mellitus in Nigeria. African Journal of Medicine And Medical Sciences,14(3-4), 145–154.
Gallant, M. P., Spitze, G. D., & Prohaska, T. R. (2007). Help or hindrance? How family and friends influence chronic illness self-management among older adults. Research on Aging, 29(5), 375–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027507303169
Iyalomhe, G. B., & Iyalomhe, S. I. (2012). Health-seeking behavior of rural dwellers in Southern Nigeria: Implications for Healthcare Professionals. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health, 2(2), 62-71. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJTDH/2012/973
Iyalomhe, G.B.S. & Iyalomhe, S.I. (2010). Hypertension-related knowledge, attitudes and lifestyle practices among hypertensive patients in a sub-urban Nigerian community. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 2(4), 71-77.
Kodom, M. A., Dovie, D. A., & Asare-Kyire, L. (2022). Knowledge and perception of hypertension and diabetes among persons resident in local communities in rural Ghana. ADRRI Journal, 31(1 (8), 66-91.
Lewandowski, A., & Drotar, D. (2007). The relationship between parent-reported social support and adherence to medical treatment in families of adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(4), 427–436. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsl037
MacKian, S. (2003). A review of health seeking behaviour: Problems and prospects. Health Systems Development Programme, University of Manchester, UK.
McGuigan, C. L. (2010). Diabetes in the Eritrean and Ethiopian community: Cultural information and recommendations for diabetes educators. EthnoMed https://ethnomed.org/resource/diabetes-in-the-eritrean-and-ethiopian-community-recommendations-for-educators/
Ministry of Health. (2014). National Policy for the Prevention and Control of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Musau, Z. (December 2016 - March 2017). Lifestyle diseases pose new burden for Africa: Diabetes, cancer, heart and respiratory diseases will be the leading killers by 2030. Africa Renewal. https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2016-march-2017/lifestyle-diseases-pose-new-burden-africa#:~:text=%E2%80%9CIn%20Africa%2C%20NCDs%20are%20rising,at%20WHO%2C%20told%20Africa%20Renewal
National Diabetes Association of Ghana. (2019). Annual Review Report.
Ndiaye, M. (2010). The impact of health beliefs and culture on health literacy and treatment of diabetes among French-speaking West African immigrants. [Master's thesis, Indiana University]. https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/2050
Neuman, L. W. (2011). Basics of social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches (3rd ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
Nyarko, P. K., Nyarko, C.., Appiah, R.E., & Dwamena, H.A. (2014). Statistical analysis of diagnosed hypertensive and non-hypertensive diabetic patients. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 3 (3), 303 – 309.
Olasehinde N. (2018). Healthcare Seeking Behaviour in Nigeria. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 26 (3); 207-218.
Omotosho, O. (2010). Health-seeking behavior among the rural dwellers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. African Research Review, 4(2), 125-138.
Paez, K. A., Zhao, L., & Hwang, W. (2009). Rising Out-Of-Pocket Spending For Chronic Conditions: A Ten-Year Trend. Health Affairs, 28(1), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.15
Price N. (2001). The performance of social marketing in reaching the poor and vulnerable in AIDS control programmes. Health policy and planning, 16(3), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/16.3.231
Rintala, T. M., Jaatinen, P., Paavilainen, E., & Astedt-Kurki, P. (2013). Interrelation between adult persons with diabetes and their family: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of family nursing, 19(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074840712471899
Rosland, A. M., Kieffer, E., Israel, B., Cofield, M., Palmisano, G., Sinco, B., Spencer, M., & Heisler, M. (2008). When is social support important? The association of family support and professional support with specific diabetes self-management behaviors. Journal of general internal medicine, 23(12), 1992–1999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-008-0814-7
Senah K. A. (2004). In the mighty name of Jesus: Health-seeking behaviour in Ghana. Legon Journal of Sociology, 1 (1): 59-70. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA08556261_19
Uchino B. N. (2006). Social support and health: A review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(4), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-006-9056-5
World Health Organization. (2013, November 14). Global action plan for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases 2013–2020. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241506236
World Health Organization. (2016). Fiscal policies for diet and prevention of noncommunicable diseases: Technical meeting report, 5-6 May 2015, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/obesity/fiscal-policies-for-diet-and-the-prevention-of-noncommunicable-diseases-0.pdf?sfvrsn=84ee20c_2